Mock Exam 2 ( Test Mode)

A 9-year-old boy, has been feeling sad and withdrawn for the past few weeks. His teacher reports that he no longer plays with other children and seems easily frustrated. At home, he has been crying more often and refusing to eat. During the therapy session, he admits that he sometimes feels like he wants to “disappear” and mentions that he has thought about “what would happen if I wasn’t around.” His parents are unsure how serious his statements are but are extremely worried. What is the best course of action for the social worker to take?

A client is attending therapy after recently losing her job. She reports feeling “empty” and says that she is struggling with hopelessness and low self-esteem. During the session, she says, “I just don’t see the point in anything anymore.” When the social worker asks if she’s had any thoughts of harming herself, she pauses and says, “Sometimes I think it would be easier if I weren’t here.” She denies having a specific plan but admits that she’s thought about “just ending it all” when she feels particularly overwhelmed. What is the most appropriate next step for the social worker in this situation?

78-year-old man with dementia, lives with his son and daughter-in-law. During a home visit, the social worker notices that he is sitting in a soiled chair, and the house smells strongly of urine. When asked, he says he hasn’t bathed in a few weeks because “it’s too hard” for him to manage on his own. He also mentions that his son and daughter-in-law are “too busy” to help him. John’s son dismisses the concerns, stating, “He’s fine. He just needs to get used to being on his own.” What is the most appropriate next step for the social worker?

A 9-year-old boy, comes to therapy with his foster mother. During the session, He tells the social worker that his foster father hit him with a belt last night because he didn’t finish his homework. He says this has happened before and shows the social worker a bruise on his back. His foster mother seems concerned but says, “He’s a tough kid. He’ll be okay. “What is the most appropriate response for the social worker?

A social worker at an outpatient substance abuse treatment center wants to determine if the clients participating in the program are experiencing reductions in substance use over time. She needs to gather data that can show concrete results, such as the number of days clients remain sober each month. Which research method would be most appropriate for gathering this data?

A 42-year-old client has been seeing a social worker for several months. The client frequently discusses their various medical appointments and procedures, describing themselves as a “medical mystery.” The social worker notices that the client becomes distressed when doctors suggest their symptoms may not have a physical cause. Despite medical reassurance, the client continues to research new symptoms and insists that something is wrong with their health. What is the most appropriate intervention for the social worker in this case?

In social work practice, the principle of informed consent means:

A child has been referred to therapy after being disruptive in school and getting into fights with peers. During the first session, the child is quiet and avoids eye contact, only responding in short sentences. The child’s parent reports that the child is aggressive at home and refuses to talk about their feelings. What is the most appropriate approach for the social worker to take in this session?

A social worker has been working with a client diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. After several weeks of treatment, the client expresses doubt about the effectiveness of therapy and mentions wanting to try a new therapist. The social worker has noticed only slight improvements and is concerned that the client may not be fully engaging in the process. What is the best response for the social worker to make at this time?

A social worker is working with a client who is struggling with anger management. During the session, the client reports that they often become explosive when they feel disrespected, which has led to difficulties in their personal relationships. What intervention would be most appropriate for the social worker to use in this situation?

In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), what is the primary focus of intervention?

What is motivational interviewing most commonly used to address?

A social worker is working with a client who is struggling with anger management. During the session, the client reports that they often become explosive when they feel disrespected, which has led to difficulties in their personal relationships. What intervention would be most appropriate for the social worker to use in this situation?

A social worker has been working with a 50-year-old client diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. After several weeks of treatment, the client expresses doubt about the effectiveness of therapy and mentions wanting to try a new therapist. The social worker has noticed only slight improvements and is concerned that the client may not be fully engaging in the process. What is the best response for the social worker to make at this time?

A child has been referred to therapy after being disruptive in school and getting into fights with peers. During the first session, the child is quiet and avoids eye contact, only responding in short sentences. The child’s parent reports that the child is aggressive at home and refuses to talk about their feelings. What is the most appropriate approach for the social worker to take in this session?

In social work research, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is characterized by:

What is the primary purpose of qualitative research in social work?

What is a formative evaluation typically used for in program evaluation?

A 45-year-old client presents with a history of fluctuating moods. They report periods of feeling extremely energetic and talkative, followed by weeks of feeling sad, unmotivated, and fatigued. The client has difficulty maintaining relationships due to impulsive decisions during the energetic periods. What is the most likely diagnosis based on these symptoms?

In task-centered practice, what is the primary focus?

A social worker is working with a client who recently experienced the loss of their spouse. The client reports feeling overwhelmed with grief and struggling to complete daily tasks. The social worker decides to use a task-centered approach to support the client. What would be the most appropriate first task for the client?

A client with a history of substance abuse has recently relapsed after several months of sobriety. The client feels ashamed and unsure of how to move forward. The social worker decides to use a strengths-based approach to help the client regain confidence. What is the most effective intervention using a strengths-based perspective?

According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, what is the primary conflict for adolescents (ages 12-18)?

 A social worker is using a survey to collect data on client satisfaction with a new program. The survey includes multiple-choice questions with preset answers. What type of data is the social worker collecting?

A client comes to therapy with chronic anxiety and panic attacks. The social worker decides to use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to address the client’s symptoms. Which intervention would be most appropriate in CBT for this client?

A social worker is helping a family with a child who has been recently diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The family is struggling to manage the child’s impulsive behaviors at home and in school. Which intervention would be most effective in helping the family manage the child’s ADHD symptoms?

A social worker is conducting an intake assessment with a 9-year-old child who has been removed from their home due to allegations of neglect. The child is withdrawn and hesitant to speak during the assessment. What is the best approach for the social worker to use during the assessment to build rapport with the child?

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need must be met before the individual can focus on self-actualization?

A 16-year-old client is experiencing academic difficulties, low self-esteem, and strained family relationships. The social worker is considering using Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development to guide treatment. According to Erikson, what psychosocial conflict is most relevant for this client’s age?

A social worker is counseling a 22-year-old client who is feeling isolated and struggling to form intimate relationships. The client has few close friends and is unsure about their future. According to Erikson, which developmental stage is most relevant for this client?

A social worker is working with a client who has recently lost their job. The client is experiencing symptoms of depression, including low motivation, difficulty sleeping, and social withdrawal. The social worker decides to use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help the client. Which intervention would be most appropriate for the social worker to implement in this situation?

A family comes to therapy because their 15-year-old son has been increasingly defiant, missing school, and staying out late. The parents are concerned about their ability to manage his behavior. The social worker decides to apply Structural Family Therapy to the case. What is the most effective intervention in Structural Family Therapy for this family?

A social worker is working with a client who has a history of substance use disorder and has recently relapsed after a year of sobriety. The client expresses feelings of shame and hopelessness about their future. What is the most effective intervention the social worker can use at this point?

A social worker is providing therapy to a couple experiencing relationship difficulties due to one partner’s infidelity. The partner who was unfaithful exhibits significant guilt and shame. What approach should the social worker take to facilitate healing in the relationship?

A client has a significant trauma history and exhibits symptoms of PTSD, including hypervigilance and intrusive memories. The social worker plans to use Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in therapy. What is a critical consideration for the social worker when implementing EMDR with this client?

A social worker is conducting a risk assessment for a client who has expressed suicidal thoughts but does not have a plan. The client has a supportive family and social network. What is the most appropriate next step for the social worker in this assessment?

A social worker is evaluating a 10-year-old child for possible Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The child’s parent reports that the child often struggles to pay attention and complete tasks at home and school. What is the most critical factor the social worker should consider in making a diagnosis?

A social worker is facilitating a support group for individuals recovering from trauma. One member frequently disrupts the group by bringing the conversation back to their own experiences, not allowing others to share. What is the most appropriate strategy for the social worker to use in this situation?

A social worker is working with a client who has been diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. The client reports feelings of worthlessness and is often unable to complete daily tasks. What is the most effective initial intervention for the social worker to implement?

A social worker is conducting an evaluation for a client who has experienced chronic homelessness. The client reports a history of trauma, mental health issues, and substance use. What is the most important factor for the social worker to consider when developing a treatment plan?

A client in long-term therapy for anxiety is showing significant progress, and the social worker is considering the next steps. The client is using healthier coping strategies and reports a decrease in anxiety symptoms. What should the social worker do MOST to prepare for the next phase of the helping process?

A social worker is conducting an initial intake session with a client who is dealing with depression. The client expresses difficulty in maintaining daily activities and mentions a recent decline in personal hygiene. What should the social worker do FIRST?

A social worker has been working with a client for six months to address anxiety and relationship issues. The client reports feeling better but is unsure whether they are ready to end therapy. What is the BEST action for the social worker to take?

An employee is referred to the EAP due to frequent absences from work and declining job performance. During the initial meeting, the employee discloses they are struggling with personal issues, including a recent divorce and financial stress. What is the social worker’s NEXT step?

A manager approaches the EAP for advice on how to support an employee who has recently returned from a leave of absence due to mental health concerns. What is the MOST appropriate advice the social worker can provide to the manager?

An employee comes to the EAP reporting they are struggling with balancing work and caregiving responsibilities for an elderly parent. They feel exhausted and don’t know how to manage both roles. What is the BEST response the social worker can offer?

A client tells the social worker that after a violent outburst, their partner apologized and has been extremely affectionate. The client wants to believe that the violence won’t happen again. What should the social worker do NEXT?

A client in the acute battering phase of the Cycle of Violence reports severe physical violence from their partner. They fear for their safety but are not sure if they should leave. What is the MOST important action for the social worker?

A social worker is meeting with a client who has been in a violent relationship for several years. The client reports that their partner’s abusive episodes seem to happen more frequently, with shorter “honeymoon” phases between incidents. What should the social worker do FIRST?

A client has recently left an abusive relationship and is struggling with feelings of guilt and shame. They say they feel responsible for the abuse. What is the BEST way for the social worker to address these feelings?

A client is in the honeymoon phase of the Cycle of Violence, where their partner is being apologetic and loving after an abusive incident. The client expresses hope that things are getting better. What is the BEST response from the social worker?

A social worker begins to notice that they are feeling increasingly frustrated and irritated by a client’s frequent cancellations of appointments. This frustration could potentially affect the therapeutic relationship. What is the MOST appropriate action for the social worker to take?

A therapist notices that a client’s behavior reminds them of a difficult relationship they had in the past, leading to feelings of anger and frustration during sessions. What is the BEST response for the therapist to ensure effective treatment?

A social worker finds themselves feeling irritated and impatient during sessions with a client who frequently complains about their situation but refuses to make changes. The social worker recognizes these feelings might be related to their own past experiences. What should the social worker do FIRST?

A social worker finds themselves feeling irritated and impatient during sessions with a client who frequently complains about their situation but refuses to make changes. The social worker recognizes these feelings might be related to their own past experiences. What should the social worker do FIRST?

A social worker is terminating services with a client due to the completion of treatment goals. In accordance with the NASW Code of Ethics, what should the social worker do during the termination process?

A client has expressed a desire to terminate services, but the social worker believes that the client may still benefit from additional sessions. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, what is the MOST ethical response for the social worker?

A social worker is preparing to terminate services with a client who has made significant progress. However, the client expresses doubts about their ability to cope after therapy ends. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, what should the social worker do FIRST?

A client has expressed a desire to end therapy but has not yet achieved all of their goals. The social worker feels that the client could benefit from additional sessions. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, what is the appropriate action for the social worker?

A social worker is subpoenaed to testify in a court case regarding a client’s treatment. According to legal guidelines, what should the social worker do FIRST?

A social worker learns that a colleague has been sharing client information without consent in a professional discussion. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, what is the MOST ethical action for the social worker to take?

A social worker develops a personal friendship with a client outside of the therapeutic setting. This relationship leads to discussions about the client’s therapy during social gatherings. What is the MOST unethical aspect of this situation?

A social worker suspects that a client is a victim of child abuse but has not received confirmation from the client. What is the social worker required to do under mandatory reporting laws?

A social worker is providing therapy to a client and discovers that the client is engaging in illegal activities. According to ethical guidelines, what should the social worker do?

A social worker fails to document a client’s treatment plan adequately. If this lack of documentation results in negative consequences for the client, what can this be classified as?

A social worker notices that a colleague is frequently intoxicated at work, impacting their ability to serve clients. What is the social worker’s ethical obligation?

A social worker has developed a friendship with a client outside of sessions. The client now shares personal issues outside of therapy. What is the MOST unethical aspect of this relationship?

A social worker is treating a client involved in a legal dispute. The social worker receives a court order to release the client’s records, but the client does not want their information shared. What should the social worker do NEXT?

A social worker receives a subpoena requesting the release of a client’s therapy records in connection with a court case. The client has not consented to the release of their records. What should the social worker do next to protect the client’s confidentiality?

A social worker receives a subpoena requesting the release of a client’s therapy records. The client does not consent to the release. What should the social worker do NEXT?

A social worker receives a court order to release a client’s records, but the client objects. What should the social worker do NEXT?

A social worker receives a court order to testify about a client’s treatment. The client insists that they do not want the social worker to disclose any information. What is the social worker’s BEST course of action?

A client tells their social worker during a session that they fantasize about harming their coworker, though they don’t have an immediate plan. What is the MOST appropriate action for the social worker to take under the duty to warn?

A client reveals to their social worker that they plan to harm an acquaintance at a specific time and place. In line with the Tarasoff ruling, what should the social worker do FIRST?

A client with a history of violence expresses anger toward a specific person but denies any plans to act on it. What is the social worker’s BEST course of action?

A client discloses in therapy that they plan to harm their therapist after the next session. What is the therapist’s legal responsibility under the Tarasoffruling?

A client frequently makes vague threats about “getting even” with people who upset them. The threats do not involve specific individuals or detailed plans. What is the social worker’s BEST course of action?

City’s housing department is working to address homelessness. A social worker is asked to help develop a strategic plan. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is asked to lead a support group for survivors of domestic violence. What should the social worker do first when starting the group?

A social worker is facilitating a team-building workshop for employees at a healthcare organization. After discussing team roles and responsibilities, what should the social worker do next?

A social worker is asked to help develop a program for adolescents at a community center. What is the best way for the social worker to ensure the program meets the community’s needs?

A client with substance use issues has missed several counseling sessions. During a session, the client expresses frustration with their lack of progress. What should the social worker do next?

A client with severe anxiety has difficulty functioning in daily life. What is the best intervention for the social worker to implement?

A city council is drafting a new policy to address food insecurity. A social worker is consulted for input. What should the social worker do first?

A client recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder is unsure about treatment options and expresses anxiety over starting medication. What should the social worker do first?

A client presents with symptoms of PTSD after a traumatic event. What is the best intervention for the social worker to implement?

A social worker is tasked with developing a community-wide initiative to reduce opioid addiction. What should the social worker do first?

A client with chronic pain is frustrated that their condition is not improving despite medical treatment. What should the social worker do first?

A client in individual therapy reveals that they are experiencing domestic violence but are unsure if they want to leave the relationship. What should the social worker do next?

A client with a history of substance abuse expresses a desire to stop using drugs but is worried about withdrawal symptoms. What is the best way for the social worker to respond?

A social worker is working with a coalition to address environmental justice issues in a low-income community. What should the social worker do first to begin the advocacy work?

A social worker is coordinating a community-based parenting skills program. What should the social worker do first to ensure the program is effective?

A client in therapy for anxiety reports they’ve been missing work due to their symptoms. What should the social worker do next?

A client who has a history of trauma is experiencing flashbacks and panic attacks. What is the best intervention for the social worker to implement?

A social worker is involved in an advocacy campaign to increase funding for public transportation in underserved areas. What should the social worker do next after identifying key stakeholders?

A social worker is leading a team to design an afterschool program for at-risk youth. What should the social worker do first to ensure the program meets the needs of the youth?

A client experiencing symptoms of depression reports difficulty completing daily tasks. What should the social worker do first?

A client in therapy for substance use disorder reports feeling overwhelmed by cravings. What is the best initial response for the social worker?

A client with social anxiety expresses fear about an upcoming presentation at work. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is conducting an evaluation of a substance use prevention program. What should the social worker do first to ensure a comprehensive evaluation?

A social worker is organizing a campaign to increase voter registration in a community. After assessing the community’s demographics, what should the social worker do next?

A social worker is involved in a project aimed at revitalizing a neighborhood park. What is the best first step to engage community residents?

A social worker is evaluating a family intervention program. What is the next step after collecting outcome data from families?

A social worker in a hospital notices that an elderly patient has bedsores and appears neglected. The caregiver insists that the patient is receiving proper care. What should the social worker do next?

During a routine check, a social worker notices that an elderly client has multiple bruises in various stages of healing. The client refuses to discuss how they were sustained. What is the best course of action?

A social worker visits a client in a nursing home and notices that the client has become increasingly agitated and anxious. The client reports feeling unsafe but refuses to provide details. What should the social worker do?

A child has been increasingly withdrawn and fearful at school. The child also has unexplained bruises on their body. What is the most appropriate action for the school social worker?

A child tells their teacher that they are stressed because they have too much homework and not enough time to play. What is the best response from the teacher?

A child’s parents tell their social worker that they are struggling financially and can’t afford school supplies. What should the social worker do?

A parent informs a social worker that their child has been wetting the bed at night and is embarrassed. What is the most appropriate action for the social worker?

A social worker is seeing a client who reports feeling alienated from their cultural community after coming out as LGBTQ+. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is reviewing a case involving an older adult who has been isolated and shows signs of depression. The client states they have no friends and do not want to engage with others. What should the social worker’s initial focus be?

A social worker notices that a colleague frequently shares confidential client information during casual conversations. What should the social worker do?

 A social worker is providing services to a family in which one parent is incarcerated. The other parent expresses feelings of being overwhelmed with the responsibilities. What is the best way for the social worker to assist this parent?

One client discloses that they are experiencing auditory hallucinations. What is the most appropriate initial response from the social worker?

A family is seeking therapy to address ongoing conflicts regarding their adolescent child’s behavior. The adolescent refuses to attend sessions and expresses that they do not want to discuss their issues. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is helping a client prepare for a court hearing regarding custody of their child. The client expresses anxiety and fear about the outcome. What is the most appropriate intervention for the social worker?

A school social worker is addressing bullying among students. One student reports that they are being bullied but is hesitant to report it for fear of retaliation. What should the social worker do?

A social worker is treating a client who has experienced trauma and is showing signs of dissociation during sessions. What is the most appropriate approach for the social worker?

A client tells their social worker that they feel their partner is controlling and that they often feel isolated. What should the social worker prioritize in their response?

A social worker is working with a young adult who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness. The client expresses feelings of anger and loss of control over their life. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is conducting a termination session with a client who has made significant progress. What should the social worker focus on during this session?

A social worker is assisting a client who has recently lost their job due to downsizing. The client expresses feelings of worthlessness and despair. What should the social worker prioritize in their intervention?

A social worker is conducting a group therapy session for individuals with anxiety disorders. One participant begins to dominate the conversation, making it difficult for others to share. What is the best response for the social worker?

A client reveals to their social worker that they are contemplating suicide but have not made any plans. What should the social worker’s immediate action be?

 A social worker is working with a family where one child has been diagnosed with ADHD. The parents express frustration and confusion about managing their child’s behavior. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is meeting with a client who has a history of substance abuse. The client states that they have not used substances in six months but feels the urge to relapse. What is the most appropriate intervention?

A school social worker notices that a student has become increasingly withdrawn and has lost interest in activities they once enjoyed. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is conducting a session with a couple experiencing communication issues. One partner frequently interrupts the other, causing frustration. What is the best approach for the social worker?

A client who is a single parent shares with their social worker that they are struggling to balance work and parenting responsibilities. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is leading a community support group for survivors of domestic violence. One member becomes visibly upset during sharing. What should the social worker do?

A client informs their social worker that they have recently started a new medication for anxiety but are experiencing side effects. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is working with a client who is hesitant to discuss their traumatic past. What is the most appropriate approach for the social worker?

A social worker is providing services to a client who has just experienced a significant loss. The client states they are unsure how to cope. What is the best initial response from the social worker?

A social worker notices that a colleague frequently expresses doubts about their skills and abilities. What is the most appropriate response for the social worker?

A social worker is conducting an assessment with a client who has a history of depression. The client reports having low energy, difficulty concentrating, and feeling worthless for the past two weeks. What should the social worker do first?

A social worker is working with a client who is an undocumented immigrant and expresses fear about deportation. What should the social worker focus on first?

A client who has been diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder reports that their anxiety has worsened, causing difficulties at work and home. They express fear of losing their job. What should the social worker address first?

A 22-year-old college student is uncertain about her career path and is having difficulty committing to a relationship. According to Erikson’s stages of development, what is the most likely cause of her difficulties?

A social worker meets with a 10-year-old client who is being bullied at school. The child is struggling academically and has low self-esteem. Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is the child most likely experiencing challenges with?

A mother expresses concern that her 5-year-old daughter has become clingy and cries when separated from her. According to attachment theory, what is the best explanation for this behavior?

A 55-year-old client feels like she has not contributed much to society and is unhappy with her job. Which stage of Erikson’s development is she likely struggling with?

A 45-year-old client has recently retired early and feels lost without the structure of his job. He has no plans for his future and feels unfulfilled. Which of the following theories best explains his current emotional state?

A 16-year-old boy is struggling to assert independence and frequently argues with his parents. According to Erikson, which developmental stage is he navigating?

A 30-year-old woman reports difficulty maintaining long-term relationships and feels isolated from her peers. What stage of development might she be struggling with according to Erikson?

A social worker is working with a 40-year-old man who has difficulty trusting others and is emotionally distant in relationships. According to attachment theory, which type of attachment is this client likely demonstrating?

A 4-year-old child frequently tests boundaries by saying “no” and trying to do things independently, such as dressing himself. According to Erikson, which developmental stage is this child in?

A 70-year-old woman reflects on her life and feels a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is she likely in?

A 13-year-old girl reports feeling uncomfortable with her changing body and is unsure of who she is. According to Erikson, she is likely in which stage of development?

A mother is concerned because her 8-month-old child cries whenever she leaves the room. This behavior is most indicative of which developmental milestone?

A social worker is assessing a 12-year-old client who is struggling with academic performance. The client’s parents have high expectations for success. According to Erikson, the child may be facing challenges in which stage of development?

A 3-year-old child begins to engage in imaginative play and insists on dressing up as different characters. This behavior is most consistent with which of Erikson’s stages?

A social worker is working with a client who reports that she often feels detached from her emotions and observes her life as if she were an outsider. Which type of dissociative disorder might the client be experiencing?

A client who was adopted at birth is seeking therapy to understand his identity and heritage. He feels disconnected from his adoptive family and is struggling with self-concept. What stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development might this client be navigating?

A child demonstrates aggressive behavior and disobedience at school. The social worker notes that the child lacks parental supervision at home. Which theory best explains the child’s behavior?

A therapist is working with a client who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness. What is the most important area for the therapist to address in treatment?

When evaluating the effectiveness of a community intervention program, which of the following methods is most appropriate for a social worker to employ?

In addressing a client’s mental health needs, which of the following frameworks would best guide a social worker in considering the impact of systemic oppression?

Which of the following is an example of a social worker using a strengths-based approach in a case involving a family struggling with substance use?

A 25-year-old man reports that he has been experiencing a persistent fear of social situations for the past six months. He avoids situations where he may be judged or scrutinized by others, such as public speaking or attending parties. The client’s avoidance of social situations has started to interfere with his work and relationships. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 35-year-old woman reports that she has been hearing voices that tell her to harm herself. These auditory hallucinations have been present for the past three months. She also expresses paranoid delusions, believing that people are plotting against her. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old man has been using alcohol heavily for several years. He reports shaking, sweating, and feeling nauseous when he tries to stop drinking. He states that he needs to drink more alcohol than before to get the same effect. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 12-year-old child is brought to therapy because of ongoing defiant behavior at school and at home. The child frequently argues with authority figures, refuses to comply with rules, and deliberately annoys others. This behavior has been occurring for over a year and is causing significant problems in the child’s academic performance and family relationships. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 19-year-old college student reports feeling extremely elated and energetic for the past week. She hasn’t needed much sleep, has been talking rapidly, and feels like her mind is racing. She has been spending large amounts of money impulsively and has been skipping classes. She denies any depressive episodes in the past. What is the most likely diagnosis?