Masters Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

What are the eight stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, and what is the primary conflict in each stage?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): Developing trust when caregivers provide reliability and care. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood): Fostering independence through support. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool): Encouraging initiative without criticism. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): Building confidence through achievements. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Developing a sense of self and personal identity. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): Forming intimate relationships. 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): Contributing to society and future generations. 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adulthood): Reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment or regret.

What is the significance of the ‘zone of proximal development’ (ZPD) in Vygotsky’s theory?

The ZPD refers to the range of tasks that a learner can perform with guidance but not independently. It emphasizes the role of social interaction and scaffolding in cognitive development.

How does intersectionality influence the experience of marginalization?

Intersectionality examines how overlapping social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege, highlighting the complexity of systemic inequities.

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and how does it apply to social work practice?

Maslow's hierarchy includes five levels: physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. In social work, addressing basic needs (e.g., food, shelter) is essential before focusing on higher-level goals like self-esteem or personal growth.

What are protective factors in human development, and how do they mitigate risks?

Protective factors are conditions or attributes that reduce the effects of stressors or risks, such as strong family support, positive self-esteem, and access to education. They help individuals build resilience and thrive despite challenges.

What is the role of cultural competence in understanding human behavior in the environment?

Cultural competence involves understanding, appreciating, and respecting diverse cultural values and practices. It ensures that interventions are effective and culturally appropriate.

How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact development?

ACEs, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, can lead to long-term physical, emotional, and behavioral challenges. Early intervention and supportive relationships can mitigate these effects.

What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, and how does it explain development?

Bronfenbrenner's theory explains development as influenced by five environmental systems: 1. Microsystem: Immediate surroundings (e.g., family, school). 2. Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems. 3. Exosystem: External environments affecting the individual indirectly (e.g., parent’s workplace). 4. Macrosystem: Cultural and societal norms. 5. Chronosystem: Changes over time and life transitions.

What is attachment theory, and what are the primary attachment styles?

Attachment theory explains the bond between caregivers and children, influencing future relationships. 1. Secure 2. Avoidant 3. Ambivalent 4. Disorganized

How does Piaget’s theory of cognitive development explain learning?

Piaget’s theory outlines stages of cognitive growth: 1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through senses and actions. 2. Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking but lacks logical reasoning. 3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking about concrete events. 4. Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

Assimilation: Integrating new information into existing schemas. Accommodation: Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

How does the concept of neuroplasticity relate to human development?

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to learning and experiences, supporting resilience and recovery throughout life.

What is the importance of emotional intelligence in development?

Emotional intelligence involves recognizing, understanding, and managing one’s emotions and empathizing with others. It is critical for social relationships, decision-making, and stress management.

What is the social model of disability, and how does it differ from the medical model?

The social model views disability as a result of societal barriers, while the medical model focuses on impairments within the individual. The social model emphasizes inclusion and removing external obstacles.

How does cultural humility enhance social work practice?

Cultural humility involves lifelong learning, self-reflection, and acknowledging power imbalances in relationships. It fosters respectful, client-centered approaches.

What is the critical period in human development?

A critical period is a specific time during development when certain experiences are necessary for typical growth, such as language acquisition in early childhood.

What is the impact of implicit bias on human behavior?

Implicit biases are unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence perceptions and actions, often perpetuating discrimination and inequities.

What is resilience, and what factors promote it?

Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity. Factors include strong social support, positive coping mechanisms, and self-efficacy.

How do social determinants of health affect development?

Social determinants, such as access to education, healthcare, and socioeconomic status, significantly influence physical, emotional, and social development.

What is the significance of temperament in early development?

Temperament refers to innate personality traits, such as activity level or emotional reactivity. It influences how children interact with their environment and caregivers.

What is the role of epigenetics in development?

Epigenetics studies how environmental factors can activate or silence genes, influencing behavior and health without altering the DNA sequence.

What are the key principles of Bandura’s social learning theory?

People learn by observing others (modeling). Behaviors are influenced by reinforcement, punishment, and imitation. Self-efficacy plays a central role in motivation.

How does the concept of moral development differ between Kohlberg and Gilligan?

Kohlberg: Focuses on justice-based moral reasoning, progressing through stages from obedience to abstract principles. Gilligan: Emphasizes care and relationships, particularly highlighting differences in moral reasoning between genders.

What is acculturation, and how does it affect individuals?

Acculturation is the process of adapting to a new culture while maintaining aspects of one’s original culture. It can lead to cultural integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization.

What is the importance of Erikson’s stage “Generativity vs. Stagnation” in middle adulthood?

This stage focuses on contributing to future generations through work, parenting, or community involvement. Failure to achieve generativity may result in self-absorption and stagnation.

How does the biopsychosocial model explain human behavior?

The biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a holistic understanding of human behavior and development.

What is stereotype threat, and how does it impact behavior?

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, leading to anxiety and reduced performance.

How does Bronfenbrenner’s chronosystem influence development?

The chronosystem accounts for changes over time, such as life transitions or historical events, and their impact on development.

What is scaffolding, and how does it support learning?

Scaffolding is the guidance or support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner complete tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development.

How do collectivist and individualist cultures differ in their impact on behavior?

Collectivist cultures: Prioritize group harmony and interdependence. Individualist cultures: Emphasize personal autonomy and self-expression.

What is the significance of secure attachment in childhood?

Secure attachment provides a foundation for healthy emotional and social development. It fosters trust, self-confidence, and positive relationships later in life.

What are the differences between implicit and explicit memory in development?

Implicit memory: Unconscious memories, such as skills or habits, developing early in life. Explicit memory: Conscious recall of facts and experiences, maturing during childhood.

How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect brain development?

Chronic stress from ACEs can impair brain development, affecting areas like the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, leading to challenges in emotional regulation and decision-making.

What is the role of family systems theory in understanding behavior?

Family systems theory views families as interconnected systems where each member’s behavior affects and is affected by others, emphasizing patterns and relationships.

How does gender socialization influence development?

Gender socialization teaches societal norms and roles based on gender, shaping behaviors, interests, and expectations from an early age.

What is the importance of social capital in development?

Social capital refers to the resources and support gained through social networks, which enhance opportunities, resilience, and overall well-being.

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice: An attitude or belief, often negative, toward a group. Discrimination: Actions based on prejudices, leading to unequal treatment.

How do cultural values influence parenting styles?

Cultural values shape expectations for discipline, independence, and family roles, influencing how parents interact with and guide their children.

What is the difference between primary and secondary emotions?

Primary emotions: Universal feelings like happiness, sadness, and fear, present from infancy. Secondary emotions: Complex feelings like guilt or pride, emerging as self-awareness develops.

How does moral reasoning develop according to Kohlberg?

Kohlberg's stages include: 1. Preconventional: Focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. 2. Conventional: Upholding laws and social norms. 3. Postconventional: Guided by abstract principles like justice and equality.

What is the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on development?

Low SES can limit access to resources, education, and healthcare, affecting cognitive, social, and physical development, while high SES offers advantages in these areas.

How does temperament interact with parenting styles?

Children’s temperaments influence how they respond to parenting styles, and adaptive parenting can modify or support a child’s emotional development.

What is the theory of mind, and when does it develop?

Theory of mind is the ability to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one’s own. It typically develops around ages 4-5.

How does peer influence affect adolescent development?

Peers play a critical role in shaping identity, behaviors, and social skills during adolescence, influencing choices like risk-taking and moral development.

What is ethnocentrism, and how does it affect behavior?

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior, leading to bias and misinterpretation of other cultures

How do implicit biases impact decision-making in social work?

Implicit biases can unconsciously influence judgments, potentially leading to unequal treatment. Self-awareness and training can mitigate these effects.

What is the difference between collectivist and individualist approaches to conflict resolution?

Collectivist: Focuses on group harmony and indirect communication. Individualist: Emphasizes direct communication and individual goals.

What is the role of scaffolding in cognitive development?

Scaffolding provides temporary support to help learners achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development, fostering independence.

How does language acquisition differ in bilingual children?

Bilingual children may experience slower initial vocabulary growth in each language but often develop enhanced cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.

What is the concept of “attachment in adulthood”?

Adult attachment styles (secure, avoidant, anxious) influence romantic relationships, communication, and emotional regulation, often reflecting early attachment experiences.

How does self-efficacy influence behavior and development?

Self-efficacy, or the belief in one’s ability to succeed, motivates effort and persistence, enhancing resilience and goal achievement.

What is the role of epigenetics in intergenerational trauma?

Epigenetics shows how trauma can alter gene expression, potentially passing physiological and psychological effects to subsequent generations.

What are the key differences between nature and nurture in development?

Nature: Refers to genetic inheritance and biological factors. Nurture: Encompasses environmental influences like culture, parenting, and education.

How does Bronfenbrenner’s exosystem affect development?

The exosystem includes indirect influences on a person’s life, such as a parent’s workplace or community resources, shaping their environment.

What are the four parenting styles, and how do they influence behavior?

1. Authoritative: High responsiveness and demands; fosters independence and competence. 2. Authoritarian: Low responsiveness, high demands; may lead to obedience but lower self-esteem. 3. Permissive: High responsiveness, low demands; can result in impulsivity. 4. Neglectful: Low responsiveness and demands; associated with poor outcomes.

How does socioeconomic status impact access to education?

Low SES often limits access to quality schools, resources, and extracurricular activities, affecting cognitive and social development.

What is cultural relativism, and how does it apply to social work?

Cultural relativism involves understanding and respecting cultural practices and beliefs within their own context, avoiding ethnocentric judgments.

How do life transitions, such as retirement, affect development?

Life transitions often prompt adjustments in roles, identity, and social interactions, requiring adaptability and support to maintain well-being.

What is the biopsychosocial impact of chronic stress on development?

Chronic stress can affect brain development, immune function, and behavior, increasing risks for mental health issues and physical illness.

How does moral development progress in early childhood?

Young children move from understanding right and wrong based on rewards and punishments (preconventional stage) to valuing social approval.

What is the “goodness of fit” model in child development?

The model suggests that a child’s development is optimal when their temperament aligns well with the demands and expectations of their environment.

How do gender roles influence career choices?

Socialized expectations about gender-appropriate behaviors and roles can limit perceived opportunities and choices, particularly for women and marginalized groups.

What is the impact of migration on family dynamics?

Migration can create challenges such as separation, role changes, and cultural adjustments, but it may also offer opportunities for resilience and growth.

How does the concept of self-concept evolve across the lifespan?

Self-concept becomes more complex with age, moving from concrete descriptions in childhood to abstract and multifaceted identities in adulthood.

What is the role of cultural competence in addressing health disparities?

Cultural competence ensures that interventions are tailored to meet the unique needs of diverse populations, reducing barriers and improving outcomes.

How do socioeconomic factors affect access to mental health care?

Economic barriers, stigma, and lack of culturally competent providers disproportionately limit access to mental health care for marginalized groups.

What is the role of peer relationships in adolescent identity development?

Peers influence values, interests, and self-perception, playing a critical role in shaping identity and social competence during adolescence.

How does aging affect cognitive abilities?

While some cognitive functions, like processing speed, decline with age, others, like vocabulary and wisdom, often remain stable or improve.

What is the ecological perspective in understanding behavior?

The ecological perspective examines how interactions between individuals and their environments influence behavior and development.

What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?

Implicit attitudes: Unconscious and automatic preferences or biases. Explicit attitudes: Conscious beliefs and values.

How does trauma affect attachment styles?

Trauma, especially in early relationships, can lead to insecure attachment styles (e.g., avoidant, anxious, or disorganized), impacting future relationships.

What is the role of spirituality in resilience?

Spirituality can provide a sense of purpose, community support, and coping mechanisms, enhancing resilience during adversity.

How does chronic poverty impact child development?

Chronic poverty can lead to stress, limited access to resources, and educational disparities, affecting cognitive, emotional, and physical growth.

What is acculturative stress, and how does it affect immigrants?

Acculturative stress arises from adapting to a new culture, often leading to challenges like identity conflict, discrimination, and isolation.

How does neurodiversity contribute to understanding human behavior?

Neurodiversity recognizes and values differences in brain function and behavior as natural variations rather than deficits

How do protective factors buffer against the negative effects of stress?

Protective factors, such as strong social support, healthy coping skills, and access to education, mitigate the impact of stress and promote resilience.

What is the impact of parental involvement on academic achievement?

Parental involvement, such as supporting homework and attending school events, positively influences motivation, self-esteem, and academic success.

How does cultural identity influence self-esteem?

A strong sense of cultural identity provides a foundation for self-confidence and pride, while cultural marginalization can lead to challenges in self-esteem.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race: A social construct based on physical characteristics like skin color. Ethnicity: Refers to shared cultural traits, such as language, traditions, and ancestry.

How does implicit bias affect interactions in a diverse workplace?

Implicit bias can lead to unintentional discrimination, creating unequal opportunities and impacting group dynamics unless actively addressed.

What is the role of social modeling in Bandura’s theory?

Social modeling emphasizes learning behaviors by observing and imitating others, especially influential or similar individuals.

How does self-regulation develop in early childhood?

Self-regulation evolves as children learn to control emotions, behaviors, and impulses through support from caregivers and structured environments.

What is the relationship between cognitive dissonance and behavior change?

Cognitive dissonance arises when attitudes and actions conflict, motivating individuals to change behaviors or beliefs to restore consistency.

How does socioeconomic mobility impact family dynamics?

Economic changes, whether upward or downward, can alter family roles, stress levels, and access to opportunities, requiring adaptability.

What is meant by “intersectionality,” and why is it significant?

Intersectionality examines how overlapping identities (e.g., gender, race, class) compound experiences of privilege or oppression, guiding inclusive approaches.

How do early intervention programs benefit at-risk children?

Programs like Head Start provide educational, nutritional, and social support, improving outcomes in cognitive and emotional development.

What are gender schemas, and how do they influence behavior?

Gender schemas are cognitive frameworks for understanding gender roles, shaping behaviors, preferences, and attitudes from an early age.

What is the impact of environmental toxins on child development?

Exposure to toxins like lead or pollution can impair cognitive and physical development, highlighting the need for safe living environments.

How do cultural expectations influence emotional expression?

Some cultures encourage open emotional expression, while others value restraint, shaping how individuals communicate and process emotions.

What is the relationship between chronic illness and mental health?

Chronic illness often increases risks for depression, anxiety, and stress, requiring holistic approaches to address physical and emotional needs.

How do social norms shape behavior?

Social norms establish shared expectations within a group, guiding behaviors and fostering conformity for group cohesion.

What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultural values?

Collectivist cultures: Prioritize group harmony and interdependence. Individualist cultures: Emphasize autonomy and personal achievement.

How does stereotype threat impact performance?

Stereotype threat occurs when fear of confirming stereotypes causes stress, leading to decreased performance in affected individuals.

What is scaffolding, and how does it support learning?

Scaffolding provides tailored support to help learners achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development, fostering mastery and independence.

How do adverse experiences in adulthood differ from those in childhood?

Adverse experiences in adulthood often affect roles, relationships, and career stability, while childhood adversity has a more profound impact on foundational development.

How does language acquisition differ in monolingual and bilingual children?

Bilingual children may initially acquire vocabulary at a slower rate per language but often develop advanced cognitive flexibility and executive functioning skills.

What is the role of social comparison in self-esteem?

Social comparison, or evaluating oneself against peers, influences self-esteem positively or negatively based on perceived relative success or failure.

How does acculturation affect immigrant families?

Acculturation can create challenges, such as intergenerational conflicts or cultural identity struggles, but also opportunities for cultural blending and growth.

What is the impact of prenatal factors on development?

Prenatal factors like nutrition, maternal stress, and exposure to toxins influence physical health, brain development, and long-term outcomes.

How do peer relationships influence social skills in childhood?

Peers provide opportunities for learning cooperation, conflict resolution, and empathy, which are essential for social competence.

How does emotional regulation develop across the lifespan?

Emotional regulation starts in infancy with caregiver support and matures through childhood and adolescence, becoming more autonomous and complex in adulthood.

What is the impact of digital technology on adolescent development?

Digital technology influences social connections, identity exploration, and education, but excessive use can lead to issues like cyberbullying, anxiety, and sleep disruption.

How does neuroplasticity support recovery from trauma?

Neuroplasticity allows the brain to form new connections and adapt to experiences, enabling recovery and resilience following traumatic events.

What are implicit biases, and how do they manifest?

Implicit biases are unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence perceptions and behaviors, often leading to unintended discrimination.

How does cultural assimilation differ from acculturation?

Assimilation: Fully adopting a new culture while losing one’s original identity. Acculturation: Integrating aspects of a new culture while maintaining one’s original cultural identity.

What role do grandparents often play in multigenerational households?

Grandparents provide emotional support, childcare, and cultural continuity, often serving as stabilizing figures during family transitions.

What is the impact of homelessness on child development?

Homelessness disrupts education, nutrition, and social stability, increasing risks for developmental delays and emotional challenges.

How does racial identity develop in adolescence?

Adolescents explore and form racial identity through personal reflection, peer interactions, and societal influences, impacting self-esteem and belonging.

How do environmental stressors, like natural disasters, affect behavior?

Environmental stressors trigger acute stress responses and may lead to long-term mental health challenges, such as PTSD or anxiety disorders.

What is the importance of caregiver sensitivity in early development?

Sensitive caregiving fosters secure attachment, emotional regulation, and trust, setting a foundation for healthy relationships and development.

How does peer pressure influence decision-making in adolescence?

Peer pressure can encourage risky behaviors or positive actions, depending on the norms and values of the peer group.

How do workplace stressors affect adult development?

Workplace stressors, such as long hours or discrimination, impact mental health, relationships, and career progression, necessitating coping strategies and support systems.

What is the impact of cultural stigma on mental health?

Cultural stigma discourages seeking help, leading to untreated mental health issues and increased feelings of isolation and shame.

How does social isolation affect older adults?

Social isolation in older adults increases risks for depression, cognitive decline, and physical health problems, emphasizing the need for social support.

How do life course transitions, like becoming a parent, affect identity?

Life transitions prompt reevaluation of roles and priorities, leading to growth and new challenges in personal and social identity.

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence: Problem-solving and reasoning skills, which decline with age. Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge and experience, which often remains stable or improves.

How do cultural norms shape attitudes toward aging?

Cultural norms influence perceptions of aging, ranging from respect for elders in collectivist cultures to a focus on youth in individualist cultures.

What is the impact of community violence on development?

Exposure to community violence increases risks for anxiety, aggression, and PTSD, highlighting the need for supportive interventions.

How does biculturalism affect identity development?

Bicultural individuals navigate multiple cultural identities, which can enhance adaptability and resilience but may also create conflicts or stress.

What is the relationship between self-esteem and academic performance?

High self-esteem supports motivation and resilience in academics, while low self-esteem can contribute to disengagement and underachievement.

How do generational differences impact workplace dynamics?

Generational differences in values, communication styles, and work preferences can create conflicts or opportunities for collaboration.

What is the impact of early childhood education on development?

Quality early education supports cognitive, social, and emotional development, laying the foundation for lifelong learning and success.

How do parenting styles influence emotional regulation in children?

Authoritative parenting, with warmth and structure, fosters better emotional regulation compared to authoritarian or neglectful styles.

What is the significance of racial socialization in child development?

Racial socialization teaches children how to navigate and respond to racial dynamics, promoting resilience and cultural pride.

How does mindfulness improve mental health?

Mindfulness enhances awareness and acceptance of present experiences, reducing stress, improving emotional regulation, and promoting overall well-being.

What is Ethnicity?

Shared cultural heritage, language, and traditions.

What is Depersonalization?

Feeling detached from one's body. Example: An individual feels like they are observing themselves from outside their body during a traumatic experience.

What is Crisis Intervention?

Short-term strategies to support individuals during a crisis to restore functioning.

What is a Defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms are behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts.

What is Maturation Crisis?

Challenges linked to life transitions, like adolescence or retirement.

What are Role Theories?

Examines how roles (e.g., parent, worker) influence behavior and social functioning.

What is cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development?

Models describing how individuals develop their cultural and racial identities.

What are Sexual Orientation Terms?

Definitions of terms like heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual.

What is Coming Out?

The process of recognizing, accepting, and sharing one's sexual orientation or gender identity.

What are the Stages of Grief?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s model includes the following stages: Denial: Refusal to accept the reality of loss, often thinking, "This can’t be happening." Anger: Feelings of frustration and hostility, such as, "Why is this happening to me?" Bargaining: Attempting to negotiate or make deals to delay or reverse the loss, for example, "If I do this, maybe everything will be okay." Depression: Deep sadness and withdrawal as the loss becomes fully realized. Acceptance: Coming to terms with the loss and finding a way to move forward.

What is Delirium?

Temporary cognitive impairments caused by underlying conditions or substances

What is Wernicke’s Encephalopathy?

Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to alcohol abuse.

Can you name a few substances?

Includes alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and hallucinogens.

What is Korsakoff Syndrome?

Chronic memory disorder associated with severe thiamine deficiency.

What is Antabuse?

Medication causing adverse reactions to alcohol consumption, used in alcohol abuse treatment.

What is Methadone and Suboxone?

Medications used to treat opioid use disorder.

What are the Stages of Change?

A model describing the phases individuals go through to change behavior: Precontemplation: Unaware of the need for change. Contemplation: Aware of the problem but not yet ready to act. Preparation: Planning to take action soon. Action: Actively working to change behaviors. Maintenance: Sustaining changes and preventing relapse. Relapse: Returning to old behaviors, followed by renewed efforts to change.

What is the Life Cycle?

Stages individuals pass through during life, from infancy to older adulthood.

Can you name some treatments for substance abuse?

12 Steps: Peer support program for recovery. Motivational Interviewing: Client-centered technique to elicit behavior change. Harm Reduction: Strategies to minimize harm from substance use. CAGE Assessment: Screening tool for identifying alcohol problems. SUDE Assessment: Evaluates substance use disorder.

What is Early Remission?

Period of reduced symptoms for a substance use disorder lasting 3–12 months.

What is Sustained Remission?

Extended period of symptom reduction for over 12 months.

What is Aversion Therapy?

Behavioral therapy to reduce undesirable behaviors by associating them with negative stimuli.

What is Biofeedback?

Technique to control physiological functions for improved health.

What is Extinction?

Behavioral strategy to reduce undesired behaviors by removing reinforcement.

What is Flooding?

Exposing individuals to fears to reduce anxiety.

What is In Vivo Desensitization?

Gradual exposure to feared situations.

What is Modeling?

Learning behaviors by observing others.

What is Rational Emotive Therapy?

Cognitive-behavioral approach to address irrational beliefs.

What is Shaping?

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

What is Time Out?

Removing reinforcement by isolating individuals briefly.

What is the difference between Child Abuse and Neglect?

Child Abuse: Refers to intentional harm or mistreatment of a child, which can be physical, emotional, or sexual. Child Neglect: Involves the failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs.

What is Token Economy?

Behavioral system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.

What is Substance Withdrawal?

Symptoms occurring after stopping or reducing substance use.

What are the signs of Heroin Use?

Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness, slowed breathing.

What are the signs of Marijuana Use?

Bloodshot eyes, increased appetite, impaired memory.

What are the signs of Alcohol Use?

Slurred speech, impaired judgment, poor coordination.

What are the signs of cocaine?

Dilated pupils, hyperactivity, elevated heart rate.

What are signs of Hallucinogen Use?

Altered perception, hallucinations, impaired coordination.

What are the signs of Opioid Use?

Euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.

What is Unconditioned Stimulus/Response?

Naturally occurring stimulus and response.

What is Conditioned Stimulus/Response?

Learned associations between stimuli and responses.

What is Substance Abuse?

Misuse of substances leading to negative consequences in health, work, or relationships.

What is Race?

Classification of people based on physical traits.

What is Cultural Identity?

Sense of belonging to a particular culture.

What is Gerontology?

Study of aging and its impact.

What is Closed System?

self-contained system with little interaction with the environment.

What is Equifinality?

Ability of systems to achieve similar outcomes through different paths.

What is Homeostasis?

System's tendency to maintain stability.

What is Negative Entropy?

Movement toward order and stability in a system.

What is Open System?

System interacting with its environment.

What is Substance Dependence?

A more severe condition involving tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use of substances.

What is Subsystem?

Smaller systems within a larger system.

What is Sexual Abuse?

Non-consensual sexual acts or exploitation.

What is Physical Abuse?

Physical harm or injury inflicted on another person.

What is Globalization?

Increasing interconnection and interdependence among global communities.

What are the theories of couples development?

Stages in relationships including romance, power struggle, stability, commitment, and co-creation.

What are Co-Occurring Disorders?

Presence of mental health and substance use disorders simultaneously.

What are the Stages of Group Development?

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

What is Feminist Theory?

Examines power structures and advocates for gender equality.

What is Psychodrama?

Therapeutic use of drama techniques to explore and resolve issues.

What are ADLs?

Activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.

What is System Theory?

Examines how systems (families, communities) interact and maintain equilibrium.

What is Transgender?

Individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

What is Sexual Orientation?

Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction.

What is a Sexual Behavior?

Actions related to sexual activity.

What is Sexual Identity?

Self-concept of one's sexual orientation

What is Pluralism?

Coexistence of diverse cultures within a society.

What is Stratifications?

Social hierarchies and divisions.

Family Life Cycle

Revisited to include detailed transitions within family units.

What are some LGBTQ Terms?

Lesbian: A woman who is romantically or sexually attracted to other women. Gay: A man who is romantically or sexually attracted to other men; sometimes used as a broad term for same-sex attraction. Bisexual: A person who is romantically or sexually attracted to more than one gender. Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

What is Suppression ( defense mechanism) ?

Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts out of awareness. Example: A student chooses not to think about an upcoming exam to enjoy their evening.

What is Repression ( defense mechanism) ?

Unconsciously blocking painful memories. Example: A person who experienced a traumatic event in childhood cannot recall the details.

What is Regression ( defense mechanism) ?

Reverting to behaviors of an earlier stage of development. Example: An overwhelmed adult starts to cuddle a stuffed toy for comfort.

What is Acting Out ( defense mechanism) ?

Expressing feelings through actions instead of words. Example: A teenager slams doors and breaks objects after an argument.

What is Compensation ( defense mechanism) ?

Emphasizing strengths to offset weaknesses. Example: A person who struggles socially excels academically to boost self-esteem.

What is Dissociation ( defense mechanism) ?

Disconnecting from reality to escape distress. Example: A person "zones out" during a stressful meeting.

What is Derealization ( defense mechanism) ?

Feeling that the environment is unreal. Example: A person under extreme stress feels like their surroundings are fake.

What is Identifying with the Aggressor ( defense mechanism) ?

Adopting traits of someone causing harm. Example: A child bullied at school starts bullying others.

What is Isolation of Affect ( defense mechanism) ?

Separating emotions from ideas or events. Example: A doctor talks clinically about a patient’s terminal diagnosis without showing emotions.

What is Rationalization ( defense mechanism) ?

Justifying actions with logical reasons. Example: A person who fails an exam blames the teacher's unfair questions instead of their lack of preparation.

What is Displacement ( defense mechanism) ?

Redirecting emotions to a safer target. Example: An employee upset with their boss takes out their frustration on their family.

What is Denial ( defense mechanism) ?

Refusing to accept reality. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness insists they are perfectly healthy.

What is Undoing ( defense mechanism) ?

Trying to reverse a negative action with a positive one. Example: After being rude, someone buys a gift to make amends.

What is Sublimation ( defense mechanism)?

Channeling negative impulses into positive activities. Example: A person with aggressive tendencies becomes a professional boxer.

What is Identification ( defense mechanism)?

Adopting behaviors or traits of someone admired. Example: A new employee starts mimicking the speech and mannerisms of their successful boss.

What is Intellectualization ( defense mechanism)?

Using logic to avoid emotions. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness focuses on learning about the disease rather than expressing fear.

What is Projection ( defense mechanism)?

Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else. Example: A person who is angry with their friend accuses the friend of being angry with them.

What is Introjection ( defense mechanism)?

Adopting the beliefs or values of others. Example: A child takes on their parents’ political beliefs as their own.

What is Devaluation ( defense mechanism)?

Minimizing the importance of something. Example: A person not chosen for a promotion says the job wasn’t worth it anyway.

What is Splitting ( defense mechanism)?

Viewing people or situations as entirely good or bad. Example: A person sees their partner as perfect one day and irredeemable the next.

What is Reaction Formation?

Acting opposite to unacceptable impulses. Example: A person who feels anger towards a colleague is overly kind to them.

What is Maslow Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs describes a pyramid of human needs, beginning with basic physiological needs and progressing to safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

What is a Family Life Cycle?

Stages families go through as they evolve, including coupling, parenting, launching children, and aging.

What are Parenting Styles?

Authoritative: High responsiveness and high demands. Parents set clear expectations and enforce rules but are also nurturing and supportive. Authoritarian: Low responsiveness and high demands. Parents are strict, with little warmth, focusing on obedience and discipline. Permissive: High responsiveness and low demands. Parents are indulgent, providing lots of warmth but few rules or expectations. Neglectful: Low responsiveness and low demands. Parents are uninvolved, providing neither structure nor support.

What is Entropy?

Movement toward disorder or disorganization in a system.

What is Elder Abuse?

Abuse or neglect of older adults, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or financial exploitation.

What is Situational Crisis?

Stressful events, such as job loss or natural disasters, leading to emotional turmoil.

What is Self-Neglect?

Failure of an individual to meet their own basic needs due to physical or mental impairments.

Masters Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Masters Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

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