Bachelor Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior

What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for early adulthood, and what is the primary conflict?

Stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation Primary Conflict: -Individuals in early adulthood (approximately 20–40 years old) focus on forming close, meaningful relationships with others. -Success leads to strong relationships and a sense of connection (intimacy). – Failure may result in loneliness, isolation, or fear of commitment.

What are the four main stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

1) Sensorimotor (0-2 years), 2) Preoperational (2-7 years), 3) Concrete Operational (7-11 years), 4) Formal Operational (12+ years).

What is the primary concept developed during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard.

What is the significance of the preoperational stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

This stage (ages 2-7) involves symbolic thought, egocentrism, and the development of language but lacks logical reasoning.

How does Erikson define the psychosocial stage of “Industry vs. Inferiority”?

This stage occurs during school-age years (6-12 years), focusing on competence through skills and accomplishments, with failure leading to feelings of inferiority.

Define “attachment theory” and its importance in development.

Attachment theory explains the emotional bonds formed between caregivers and children, influencing future relationships and emotional security.

What is the main goal of Erikson’s stage “Identity vs. Role Confusion”?

Adolescents (12-18 years) explore their identity to develop a sense of self, with failure leading to confusion about their role in life.

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

ZPD is the range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but cannot yet do independently, highlighting the importance of social interaction in learning.

What is cultural competence in social work practice?

The ability to understand, appreciate, and interact effectively with people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds.

What is the definition of intersectionality in social work?

Intersectionality refers to how different aspects of a person's social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) combine to create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege.

What is the significance of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Kohlberg’s theory explains how individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning, from obedience and punishment to principled decision-making.

What is the main focus of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

It prioritizes human needs from physiological needs to self-actualization, emphasizing that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs.

What is the primary developmental task in Erikson’s stage “Trust vs. Mistrust”?

Infants (0-1 year) develop trust when caregivers provide consistent care and affection. Failure leads to mistrust.

How does social learning theory explain behavior?

It emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling, as demonstrated by Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race refers to physical characteristics (e.g., skin color), while ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices, traditions, and heritage.

What is acculturation?

The process by which individuals adapt to or adopt aspects of a different culture while retaining elements of their original culture.

What is the “Ecological Systems Theory” by Bronfenbrenner?

It explains human development as influenced by different levels of environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

What is the main focus of the “Concrete Operational Stage” in Piaget’s theory?

Logical thinking develops (ages 7-11), including understanding of conservation and the ability to perform mental operations.

What is cultural humility, and why is it important in social work?

Cultural humility is the lifelong process of self-reflection and learning to understand and respect cultural differences without assuming expertise.

Define the term “implicit bias.”

Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, actions, and decisions in an unintentional way.

What is the critical period in human development?

A specific time during which certain experiences are essential for normal development to occur, such as language acquisition in early childhood.

How does the “Formal Operational Stage” differ from earlier stages in Piaget’s theory?

It involves abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking, typically beginning at age 12 and continuing into adulthood.

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

Assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, while accommodation involves modifying schemas to fit new information.

What is “ethnocentrism,” and why is it problematic?

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, leading to bias and misunderstanding.

Define resilience in the context of human development.

Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity, stress, or trauma.

What is Freud’s “id, ego, and superego” concept?

The id seeks immediate gratification, the ego mediates reality, and the superego represents moral standards.

What are protective factors in development?

Conditions or attributes that reduce the impact of risk factors and help individuals achieve positive outcomes, such as supportive relationships.

What is the significance of milestones in child development?

Developmental milestones are specific functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children achieve within a certain age range.

What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?

Collectivist cultures prioritize group harmony and interdependence, while individualist cultures emphasize personal autonomy and self-reliance.

What is the “fight, flight, or freeze” response?

It is the body’s physiological reaction to perceived danger, preparing individuals to either face (fight), escape (flight), or become immobile (freeze).

What is the concept of “privilege” in the context of diversity?

Privilege refers to unearned advantages or rights granted to individuals based on social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) without their awareness.

What is meant by the term “gender socialization”?

The process by which individuals learn cultural norms, roles, and behaviors associated with their assigned gender.

What is meant by “social determinants of health”?

Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, work, and age that affect health outcomes, such as socioeconomic status and access to healthcare.

What is the significance of Freud’s “oral stage” in psychosexual development?

The oral stage (birth to 1 year) is focused on oral pleasures, such as sucking, which impacts trust and dependency development.

How does Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy apply to development?

Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations, influencing motivation and behavior.

What is the “looking-glass self” theory?

Proposed by Charles Cooley, it states that individuals develop their self-concept based on how they perceive others view them.

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is an attitude or belief, often negative, toward a group, while discrimination is the action based on those prejudices.

What is Bowlby’s concept of attachment styles?

Attachment styles include secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized, influencing future relationships and emotional health.

What are risk factors in development?

Conditions or variables that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes, such as poverty, abuse, or lack of education.

What does the term “neuroplasticity” refer to?

The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to experiences and learning.

What is the significance of temperament in early development?

Temperament refers to innate traits in emotional reactivity and self-regulation, influencing how children interact with their environment.

What is Erikson’s “Generativity vs. Stagnation” stage?

Occurring in middle adulthood, this stage focuses on contributing to future generations and society, with failure leading to feelings of unproductiveness.

Define “microaggressions” in the context of diversity.

Subtle, often unintentional, comments or actions that convey prejudice or discrimination toward marginalized groups.

What is “self-actualization” in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

The realization of an individual's full potential and creativity, achieved after meeting lower-level needs.

What does the term “ethnorelativism” mean?

The ability to understand and appreciate cultural differences without making judgments based on one’s own cultural norms.

What is the primary focus of Erikson’s stage “Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt”?

Toddlers (1-3 years) develop independence and self-control, with failure leading to doubt and shame about their abilities.

What is meant by “systemic racism”?

A form of racism embedded in laws, policies, and practices of institutions, creating unequal opportunities and outcomes.

What is the “authoritative parenting style,” and why is it effective?

It combines high responsiveness with high demands, fostering independence, self-regulation, and social competence.

What is the “critical race theory” (CRT)?

CRT examines how race and racism intersect with laws and power structures to create and maintain inequality.

Define “stereotype threat.”

The risk of conforming to a negative stereotype about one’s social group, which can impair performance and outcomes

What is the significance of the “biopsychosocial model” in social work?

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand and address complex human behaviors and issues.

What is the primary developmental focus of Erikson’s stage “Initiative vs. Guilt”?

Preschoolers (3-6 years) develop initiative and decision-making skills by exploring their environment, with failure leading to guilt over their choices.

How does classical conditioning explain behavior?

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs).

What is operant conditioning, and who developed this theory?

Developed by B.F. Skinner, it explains learning through consequences, using reinforcement to increase behavior and punishment to decrease it.

What is “ethnic identity,” and why is it important?

Ethnic identity is a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, influencing self-esteem, cultural pride, and social connectedness.

What is the main premise of systems theory in social work?

Systems theory views individuals as parts of larger systems (e.g., families, communities), emphasizing the interconnections and interactions within these systems.

What is Kohlberg’s “Preconventional Level” of moral development?

It is the first level, where moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.

What is the difference between a “secure” and “insecure” attachment style?

Secure attachment involves trust and comfort in relationships, while insecure attachment is characterized by anxiety, avoidance, or fear.

What is cultural relativism?

The principle of understanding and evaluating behaviors or beliefs within the context of an individual's own culture.

What is a critical period for language development, and when does it occur?

A time frame during early childhood (birth to around 7 years) when the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring language.

What is “social role theory”?

A theory suggesting that gender differences arise from societal expectations and roles assigned to men and women.

What is the significance of scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?

Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development.

Define “prejudice” and how it impacts social interactions.

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion or attitude about a person or group, often leading to biased behavior or discrimination.

What is meant by the term “person-in-environment” in social work?

A perspective that considers individuals within their environmental, social, and cultural contexts when addressing issues.

What is “equity,” and how does it differ from “equality”?

Equity involves providing resources based on individual needs to achieve fairness, while equality provides the same resources to everyone regardless of need.

What is the primary focus of Erikson’s stage “Ego Integrity vs. Despair”?

In late adulthood, individuals reflect on their life with a sense of accomplishment (integrity) or regret (despair).

What are some examples of protective factors in development?

Stable family relationships, access to education, strong social networks, and positive self-esteem.

What is “moral relativism”?

The belief that moral judgments are based on cultural, social, or personal perspectives rather than universal principles.

How does social work address structural inequalities?

By advocating for policy changes, empowering marginalized groups, and addressing systemic barriers like racism or poverty.

What is the “mesosystem” in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?

The mesosystem includes interactions between an individual’s microsystems, such as family and school relationships.

What is the role of a social worker in promoting cultural competence?

To continually educate themselves on cultural diversity, challenge biases, and create inclusive practices that respect clients' cultural identities.

What is the “chronosystem” in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?

The chronosystem refers to the influence of time and historical context on an individual's development, including life transitions and sociohistorical events.

What is “intersectionality,” and why is it important in social work?

Intersectionality examines how overlapping social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) interact to create unique experiences of privilege or oppression.

What is the primary focus of Freud’s “anal stage” in psychosexual development?

During the anal stage (1-3 years), children focus on controlling bowel and bladder functions, which affects self-control and independence.

How does learned helplessness develop?

Learned helplessness occurs when individuals repeatedly experience failure or a lack of control, leading to passive acceptance of negative circumstances.

What is the difference between overt and covert discrimination?

Overt discrimination is openly displayed and intentional, while covert discrimination is subtle and may be unintentional.

What is “self-concept,” and how does it develop?

Self-concept is an individual’s perception of themselves, shaped by experiences, feedback from others, and social interactions.

What is Erikson’s stage of “Generativity vs. Stagnation” concerned with?

In middle adulthood, individuals focus on contributing to the next generation or society, with failure leading to self-absorption and stagnation.

What is the “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) in Vygotsky’s theory?

ZPD represents tasks a child can perform with guidance but not independently, emphasizing the role of social interaction in learning.

What is the significance of “nature vs. nurture” in human development?

It explores the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to development.

Define “cultural assimilation.”

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another group, often at the expense of their own cultural identity.

What is Kohlberg’s “Conventional Level” of moral development?

At this level, individuals value societal norms and laws, seeking to maintain order and gain approval from others.

How does the “microsystem” in Bronfenbrenner’s theory impact development?

The microsystem includes the immediate environment (e.g., family, school) where direct interactions influence development.

What is the difference between “explicit” and “implicit” culture?

Explicit culture includes observable behaviors and traditions, while implicit culture involves underlying values and beliefs.

What is “confirmation bias,” and how does it affect thinking?

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s existing beliefs.

What is the role of family dynamics in development?

Family dynamics, including roles, communication patterns, and relationships, significantly influence emotional and social development.

What is the “social model of disability”?

This model views disability as a result of societal barriers rather than individual impairments, emphasizing inclusion and accessibility.

How does “operant conditioning” differ from “classical conditioning”?

Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences (reinforcement or punishment), while classical conditioning pairs stimuli to elicit a response.

Define “biculturalism.”

Biculturalism occurs when individuals identify with and navigate two distinct cultural identities, maintaining aspects of both.

What is the focus of Erikson’s stage “Intimacy vs. Isolation”?

In early adulthood, individuals seek close, meaningful relationships, with failure leading to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

What are some examples of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?

ACEs include abuse, neglect, parental substance abuse, domestic violence, and other traumatic experiences that impact development.

What is the “macrosystem” in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?

The macrosystem includes cultural values, laws, and societal norms that influence an individual's development.

What is “cognitive dissonance,” and how does it impact behavior?

Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or behaviors, often leading to a change in attitude or actions to resolve the conflict.

What is the purpose of the “person-in-environment” (PIE) framework in social work?

The PIE framework assesses individuals within their social and environmental contexts to understand their strengths and challenges holistically.

Define “stigma” and its effects on individuals.

Stigma refers to negative stereotypes or discrimination against individuals based on characteristics such as mental health or social status, leading to exclusion or shame.

What are primary emotions, and when do they emerge?

Primary emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear, are universal and emerge within the first year of life.

What is the difference between assimilation and acculturation?

Assimilation involves fully adopting another culture, while acculturation allows individuals to maintain aspects of their original culture while adapting to a new one.

What is Erikson’s stage of “Trust vs. Mistrust” focused on?

Infants (0-1 year) develop trust when caregivers are consistent and responsive. Failure can lead to mistrust in others.

What is the concept of “social capital”?

Social capital refers to the networks, relationships, and resources individuals can access through their social connections.

What is “privilege,” and how does it manifest in society?

Privilege is the unearned advantages individuals have based on their social identity (e.g., race, gender, socioeconomic status).

What is “implicit bias,” and how can it impact decision-making?

Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence perceptions and actions, often contributing to unequal treatment.

What is the difference between “self-esteem” and “self-concept”?

Self-concept is how individuals perceive themselves, while self-esteem refers to the value or worth they place on themselves.

How do social norms influence behavior?

Social norms are shared expectations within a group that guide acceptable behavior, promoting conformity and cohesion.

What is “role conflict” in the context of social roles?

Role conflict occurs when the expectations of one role interfere with the expectations of another role, creating stress or tension.

What is “emotional intelligence,” and why is it important?

Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in oneself and others, critical for effective interpersonal relationships.

How does “resilience” impact development?

Resilience is the ability to adapt and recover from adversity, enabling individuals to thrive despite challenges.

What is the “biopsychosocial model” in social work?

This model examines biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a holistic understanding of an individual’s issues.

What is the difference between “prejudice” and “discrimination”?

Prejudice is a negative attitude or belief about a group, while discrimination is the action based on that prejudice.

What is Maslow Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs describes a pyramid of human needs, beginning with basic physiological needs and progressing to safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

What are Parenting Styles?

Authoritative: High responsiveness and high demands. Parents set clear expectations and enforce rules but are also nurturing and supportive. Authoritarian: Low responsiveness and high demands. Parents are strict, with little warmth, focusing on obedience and discipline. Permissive: High responsiveness and low demands. Parents are indulgent, providing lots of warmth but few rules or expectations. Neglectful: Low responsiveness and low demands. Parents are uninvolved, providing neither structure nor support.

What is a Family Life Cycle?

Stages families go through as they evolve, including coupling, parenting, launching children, and aging.

What is Ethnicity?

Shared cultural heritage, language, and traditions.

What is Depersonalization?

Feeling detached from one's body. Example: An individual feels like they are observing themselves from outside their body during a traumatic experience.

What is Maturation Crisis?

Challenges linked to life transitions, like adolescence or retirement.

What is Wernicke’s Encephalopathy?

Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to alcohol abuse.

Can you name a few substances?

Includes alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and hallucinogens.

What is Korsakoff Syndrome?

Chronic memory disorder associated with severe thiamine deficiency.

What is Antabuse?

Medication causing adverse reactions to alcohol consumption, used in alcohol abuse treatment.

What is Methadone and Suboxone?

Medications used to treat opioid use disorder.

What are the Stages of Change?

A model describing the phases individuals go through to change behavior: Precontemplation: Unaware of the need for change. Contemplation: Aware of the problem but not yet ready to act. Preparation: Planning to take action soon. Action: Actively working to change behaviors. Maintenance: Sustaining changes and preventing relapse. Relapse: Returning to old behaviors, followed by renewed efforts to change.

Can you name some treatments for substance abuse?

12 Steps: Peer support program for recovery. Motivational Interviewing: Client-centered technique to elicit behavior change. Harm Reduction: Strategies to minimize harm from substance use. CAGE Assessment: Screening tool for identifying alcohol problems. SUDE Assessment: Evaluates substance use disorder.

What is Early Remission?

Period of reduced symptoms for a substance use disorder lasting 3–12 months.

What is Sustained Remission?

Extended period of symptom reduction for over 12 months.

What is Aversion Therapy?

Behavioral therapy to reduce undesirable behaviors by associating them with negative stimuli.

What is Biofeedback?

Technique to control physiological functions for improved health.

What is Extinction?

Behavioral strategy to reduce undesired behaviors by removing reinforcement.

What is Flooding?

Exposing individuals to fears to reduce anxiety.

What is In Vivo Desensitization?

Gradual exposure to feared situations.

What is Modeling?

Learning behaviors by observing others.

What is Rational Emotive Therapy?

Cognitive-behavioral approach to address irrational beliefs.

What is Shaping?

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

What is Systematic Desensitization?

Combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

What is Time Out?

Removing reinforcement by isolating individuals briefly.

What is the difference between Child Abuse and Neglect?

Child Abuse: Refers to intentional harm or mistreatment of a child, which can be physical, emotional, or sexual. Child Neglect: Involves the failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs.

What is Token Economy?

Behavioral system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.

What is Substance Withdrawal?

Symptoms occurring after stopping or reducing substance use.

What are the signs of Heroin Use?

Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness, slowed breathing.

What are the signs of Marijuana Use?

Bloodshot eyes, increased appetite, impaired memory.

What are the signs of Alcohol Use?

Slurred speech, impaired judgment, poor coordination.

What are the signs of cocaine?

Dilated pupils, hyperactivity, elevated heart rate.

What are signs of Hallucinogen Use?

Altered perception, hallucinations, impaired coordination.

What are the signs of Opioid Use?

Euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.

What is Unconditioned Stimulus/Response?

Naturally occurring stimulus and response.

What is Conditioned Stimulus/Response?

Learned associations between stimuli and responses.

What is Substance Abuse?

Misuse of substances leading to negative consequences in health, work, or relationships.

What is Race?

Classification of people based on physical traits.

What is Cultural Identity?

Sense of belonging to a particular culture.

What is Gerontology?

Study of aging and its impact.

What is Closed System?

self-contained system with little interaction with the environment.

What is Equifinality?

Ability of systems to achieve similar outcomes through different paths.

What is Homeostasis?

System's tendency to maintain stability.

What is Negative Entropy?

Movement toward order and stability in a system.

What is Open System?

System interacting with its environment.

What is Substance Dependence?

A more severe condition involving tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use of substances.

What is Subsystem?

Smaller systems within a larger system.

What is Sexual Abuse?

Non-consensual sexual acts or exploitation.

What is Physical Abuse?

Physical harm or injury inflicted on another person.

What is Globalization?

Increasing interconnection and interdependence among global communities.

What are the theories of couples development?

Stages in relationships including romance, power struggle, stability, commitment, and co-creation.

What are Co-Occurring Disorders?

Presence of mental health and substance use disorders simultaneously.

What are the Stages of Group Development?

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

What is Feminist Theory?

Examines power structures and advocates for gender equality.

What is Psychodrama?

Therapeutic use of drama techniques to explore and resolve issues.

What are ADLs?

Activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.

What is System Theory?

Examines how systems (families, communities) interact and maintain equilibrium.

What is Transgender?

Individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

What is Sexual Orientation?

Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction.

What is a Sexual Behavior?

Actions related to sexual activity.

What is Sexual Identity?

Self-concept of one's sexual orientation

What is Pluralism?

Coexistence of diverse cultures within a society.

What is Stratifications?

Social hierarchies and divisions.

What are some LGBTQ Terms?

Lesbian: A woman who is romantically or sexually attracted to other women. Gay: A man who is romantically or sexually attracted to other men; sometimes used as a broad term for same-sex attraction. Bisexual: A person who is romantically or sexually attracted to more than one gender. Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

What is Suppression ( defense mechanism) ?

Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts out of awareness. Example: A student chooses not to think about an upcoming exam to enjoy their evening.

What is Repression ( defense mechanism) ?

Unconsciously blocking painful memories. Example: A person who experienced a traumatic event in childhood cannot recall the details.

What is Regression ( defense mechanism) ?

Reverting to behaviors of an earlier stage of development. Example: An overwhelmed adult starts to cuddle a stuffed toy for comfort.

What is Acting Out ( defense mechanism) ?

Expressing feelings through actions instead of words. Example: A teenager slams doors and breaks objects after an argument.

What is Compensation ( defense mechanism) ?

Emphasizing strengths to offset weaknesses. Example: A person who struggles socially excels academically to boost self-esteem.

What is Dissociation ( defense mechanism) ?

Disconnecting from reality to escape distress. Example: A person "zones out" during a stressful meeting.

What is Derealization ( defense mechanism) ?

Feeling that the environment is unreal. Example: A person under extreme stress feels like their surroundings are fake.

What is Identifying with the Aggressor ( defense mechanism) ?

Adopting traits of someone causing harm. Example: A child bullied at school starts bullying others.

What is Isolation of Affect ( defense mechanism) ?

Separating emotions from ideas or events. Example: A doctor talks clinically about a patient’s terminal diagnosis without showing emotions.

What is Rationalization ( defense mechanism) ?

Justifying actions with logical reasons. Example: A person who fails an exam blames the teacher's unfair questions instead of their lack of preparation.

What is Displacement ( defense mechanism) ?

Redirecting emotions to a safer target. Example: An employee upset with their boss takes out their frustration on their family.

What is Denial ( defense mechanism) ?

Refusing to accept reality. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness insists they are perfectly healthy.

What is Undoing ( defense mechanism) ?

Trying to reverse a negative action with a positive one. Example: After being rude, someone buys a gift to make amends.

What is Sublimation ( defense mechanism)?

Channeling negative impulses into positive activities. Example: A person with aggressive tendencies becomes a professional boxer.

What is Identification ( defense mechanism)?

Adopting behaviors or traits of someone admired. Example: A new employee starts mimicking the speech and mannerisms of their successful boss.

What is Intellectualization ( defense mechanism)?

Using logic to avoid emotions. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness focuses on learning about the disease rather than expressing fear.

What is Projection ( defense mechanism)?

Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else. Example: A person who is angry with their friend accuses the friend of being angry with them.

What is Introjection ( defense mechanism)?

Adopting the beliefs or values of others. Example: A child takes on their parents’ political beliefs as their own.

What is Devaluation ( defense mechanism)?

Minimizing the importance of something. Example: A person not chosen for a promotion says the job wasn’t worth it anyway.

What is Splitting ( defense mechanism)?

Viewing people or situations as entirely good or bad. Example: A person sees their partner as perfect one day and irredeemable the next.

What is Reaction Formation?

Acting opposite to unacceptable impulses. Example: A person who feels anger towards a colleague is overly kind to them.

What is Entropy?

Movement toward disorder or disorganization in a system.

What is Elder Abuse?

Abuse or neglect of older adults, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or financial exploitation.

What is Situational Crisis?

Stressful events, such as job loss or natural disasters, leading to emotional turmoil.

What is Self-Neglect?

Failure of an individual to meet their own basic needs due to physical or mental impairments.

What is Crisis Intervention?

Short-term strategies to support individuals during a crisis to restore functioning.

What is a Defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms are behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts.

What are Role Theories?

Examines how roles (e.g., parent, worker) influence behavior and social functioning.

What is cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development?

Models describing how individuals develop their cultural and racial identities.

What are Sexual Orientation Terms?

Definitions of terms like heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual.

What is Coming Out?

The process of recognizing, accepting, and sharing one's sexual orientation or gender identity.

What are the Stages of Grief?

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s model includes the following stages: Denial: Refusal to accept the reality of loss, often thinking, "This can’t be happening." Anger: Feelings of frustration and hostility, such as, "Why is this happening to me?" Bargaining: Attempting to negotiate or make deals to delay or reverse the loss, for example, "If I do this, maybe everything will be okay." Depression: Deep sadness and withdrawal as the loss becomes fully realized. Acceptance: Coming to terms with the loss and finding a way to move forward.

What is Delirium?

Temporary cognitive impairments caused by underlying conditions or substances

Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years) 2. Preoperational (2-7 years) 3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years) 4. Formal Operational (12+ years).

What is the key concept of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling.

What is the psychosocial stage for ages 6-12 in Erikson’s theory?

Industry vs. Inferiority.

What are the four main types of attachment?

Secure, Anxious-Preoccupied, Dismissive-Avoidant, Fearful-Avoidant

What is at the base of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter).

What does systems theory focus on?

The interconnectedness of individuals and their environments.

What does the life cycle perspective emphasize?

The importance of time, context, and life transitions on human development.

What is structural oppression?

Systemic disadvantages imposed on groups through social, economic, and political structures.

What are the key principles of trauma-informed care?

Safety, Trustworthiness, Choice, Collaboration, and Empowerment.

Bachelor Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior

Bachelor Level Flashcards: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior

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