Advanced Generalist: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

What are the major stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Toddlerhood) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adulthood)

How does social learning theory explain behavior?

Social learning theory (Bandura) states that behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and modeling, with reinforcement and punishment influencing the likelihood of repeating behaviors.

What is the role of neuroplasticity in human development?

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself by forming new neural connections, which supports recovery from trauma, learning, and adaptation across the lifespan.

How do protective factors influence resilience in individuals?

Protective factors, such as strong social support, stable housing, and coping skills, mitigate the impact of adverse experiences and promote resilience.

How do protective factors influence resilience in individuals?

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 years): Object permanence. 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Symbolic thought, egocentrism. 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Logical thinking about concrete events, conservation. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

How does attachment theory influence development?

Attachment theory (Bowlby and Ainsworth) posits that early bonds with caregivers shape emotional regulation, social relationships, and the capacity to form secure attachments later in life.

What are the biological and environmental factors that influence prenatal development?

Biological: Genetics, maternal health, chromosomal abnormalities. Environmental: Nutrition, exposure to teratogens (e.g., drugs, alcohol), stress, and access to prenatal care.

What is Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The ZPD is the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance, emphasizing the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

This theory highlights how multiple levels of the environment interact to influence development: 1. Microsystem: Immediate relationships (family, peers). 2. Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems (e.g., school-family). 3. Exosystem: External settings (e.g., parental workplace). 4. Macrosystem: Cultural and societal norms. 5. Chronosystem: Changes over time.

How does community violence affect child development?

Exposure to violence can lead to heightened stress responses, impaired cognitive development, and emotional dysregulation, often requiring trauma-informed interventions.

What is the impact of environmental stressors on systems’ behavior?

Stressors such as poverty, housing instability, and food insecurity can lead to systemic dysfunction, influencing individual and family well-being.

How do environmental interventions address systemic behavior?

Interventions like housing programs, access to healthcare, and community support systems promote stability and mitigate the impact of adverse environmental conditions.

What is the concept of intersectionality in social work?

Intersectionality examines how overlapping social identities (e.g., race, gender, socioeconomic status) create unique experiences of privilege or oppression.

How do stereotypes affect client behavior and well-being?

Stereotypes can lead to internalized stigma, reduced self-esteem, and discrimination, which may exacerbate mental health challenges and limit access to opportunities.

What is the difference between explicit and implicit bias?

Explicit bias: Conscious attitudes or beliefs. Implicit bias: Unconscious attitudes that influence behavior without awareness.

How can social workers address discrimination in practice?

By advocating for systemic change, promoting cultural competence, and empowering clients to challenge discriminatory practices.

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

1. Physiological (food, water, shelter) 2. Safety (security, stability) 3. Love/Belonging (relationships, community) 4. Esteem (achievement, respect) 5. Self-Actualization (personal growth, fulfillment).

How does socioeconomic status (SES) impact behavior?

SES affects access to resources, educational opportunities, healthcare, and living conditions, shaping mental health, stress levels, and overall development.

What is the role of emotional intelligence in behavior?

Emotional intelligence involves recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions, influencing relationships, decision-making, and stress management.

How do peer relationships influence adolescent development?

Peers provide a sense of belonging, social learning opportunities, and influence on identity formation, though negative peer pressure can lead to risky behaviors.

What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?

1. Preconventional (obedience/punishment, self-interest) 2. Conventional (conformity, law and order) 3. Postconventional (social contract, universal principles).

How does prenatal exposure to teratogens impact development?

Exposure can result in physical deformities, cognitive impairments, or developmental delays depending on the timing and dosage.

What are the key milestones in language development?

1. Babbling (4-6 months) 2. First words (12 months) 3. Two-word sentences (18-24 months) 4. Complex sentences (3-4 years).

How does temperament influence behavior in children?

Temperament, or innate personality traits (e.g., adaptability, emotional intensity), affects interactions with caregivers and peers, shaping social and emotional development.

What is the impact of urban environments on behavior?

Urban living can provide opportunities for education and employment but may also contribute to stress, social isolation, and exposure to environmental hazards.

How does housing instability affect families?

It disrupts routines, education, and access to services, increasing stress and risk for mental health issues and developmental delays in children.

What is the role of social networks in behavior?

Social networks provide support, information, and opportunities, influencing decision-making, resilience, and access to resources.

How does environmental racism impact communities?

Environmental racism disproportionately exposes marginalized groups to pollution, hazardous waste, and poor living conditions, contributing to health disparities.

What is cultural competence?

Cultural competence involves understanding, respecting, and appropriately responding to the cultural needs and contexts of clients.

How does implicit bias manifest in practice?

Implicit bias may lead to unintentional discriminatory behavior or assumptions about clients based on stereotypes.

What is the impact of microaggressions on individuals?

Microaggressions can cause psychological distress, reduce self-esteem, and contribute to feelings of alienation or exclusion.

How can social workers address systemic discrimination?

By advocating for policy changes, educating others, and actively working to dismantle barriers that perpetuate inequality.

How do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect development?

ACEs can lead to toxic stress, impacting brain development, physical health, and lifelong behavioral patterns.

What is the significance of identity development in adolescence?

Adolescents explore roles, values, and beliefs to form a sense of self, influenced by family, peers, and societal expectations.

How does community support influence resilience in marginalized populations?

Strong community support networks provide emotional, financial, and social resources, mitigating the effects of discrimination and adversity.

What is the role of advocacy in addressing health disparities?

Advocacy focuses on ensuring equitable access to healthcare, addressing systemic barriers, and promoting culturally responsive services.

How do life transitions, such as retirement, impact behavior?

Life transitions can lead to changes in identity, routine, and social connections, potentially causing stress, loss, or growth depending on available support and coping strategies.

What are the effects of early secure attachment on adult behavior?

Secure attachment fosters trust, emotional regulation, and positive relationship patterns, whereas insecure attachment may lead to anxiety, avoidance, or difficulty with intimacy.

How does socioeconomic status (SES) influence health disparities?

Lower SES is associated with limited access to healthcare, higher exposure to stressors, and increased risk of chronic illnesses.

What is the impact of cultural identity on behavior?

Cultural identity shapes values, beliefs, coping mechanisms, and interactions with others, influencing how individuals navigate challenges and opportunities.

How does the concept of self-efficacy influence behavior?

Self-efficacy, or the belief in one’s ability to succeed, motivates persistence, resilience, and problem-solving in challenging situations.

What are the biological, psychological, and social changes in late adulthood?

1. Biological: Decline in physical health, sensory abilities. 2. Psychological: Changes in memory, coping with loss. 3. Social: Retirement, shifts in social roles.

How does language acquisition differ in bilingual children?

Bilingual children may experience initial delays in vocabulary compared to monolingual peers but develop enhanced cognitive flexibility and executive functioning over time.

What is the significance of milestones in gross and fine motor development?

Milestones help assess a child’s physical development and identify potential delays that may require intervention.

How do environmental disasters impact communities?

Disasters create psychological distress, disrupt routines, and exacerbate existing inequalities, requiring targeted interventions for recovery.

What is the impact of workplace stress on systems’ behavior?

Workplace stress can lead to burnout, reduced productivity, and strained interpersonal relationships, affecting overall organizational functioning.

How do educational environments influence child development?

Positive environments with supportive teachers and resources foster academic success and social development, while adverse conditions can hinder growth.

What role do environmental policies play in community health?

Policies addressing pollution, housing, and resource access can reduce health disparities and improve overall community well-being.

How do stereotypes affect mental health?

Stereotypes contribute to stress, stigma, and feelings of inferiority, which can lead to anxiety, depression, and decreased self-worth.

What is the difference between equity and equality?

Equality: Everyone receives the same resources. Equity: Resources are distributed based on individual needs to achieve fairness.

How do social workers address implicit bias in practice?

By engaging in self-reflection, seeking training, and actively working to challenge assumptions and stereotypes.

What is the role of advocacy in addressing systemic discrimination?

Advocacy involves challenging policies and practices that perpetuate inequality and working toward systemic changes to promote social justice.

What are the effects of peer victimization on adolescent behavior?

Victimization can lead to social withdrawal, low self-esteem, academic difficulties, and increased risk for anxiety and depression.

How does intersectionality inform social work practice?

Intersectionality highlights the unique challenges individuals face due to overlapping marginalized identities, guiding holistic and tailored interventions.

What are examples of structural discrimination?

Unequal access to education, healthcare, housing, and employment opportunities based on race, gender, or socioeconomic status.

How do social determinants of health impact client behavior?

Factors like income, education, and neighborhood conditions influence health outcomes, access to care, and overall well-being.

How does chronic poverty influence developmental outcomes?

Chronic poverty increases exposure to stress, limited access to educational and healthcare resources, and can lead to poorer physical and mental health outcomes.

What are the key features of post-traumatic growth?

Post-traumatic growth refers to positive psychological change following adversity, such as improved relationships, greater appreciation of life, and increased resilience.

How does social identity theory explain group behavior?

Social identity theory suggests that individuals derive part of their self-concept from group memberships, which influence loyalty, behavior, and attitudes toward in-group and out-group members.

What is the impact of environmental enrichment on child development?

Environments rich in stimulation and resources enhance cognitive development, language skills, and social competence.

How does attachment style manifest in adult relationships?

1. Secure attachment: Healthy intimacy and trust. 2. Avoidant attachment: Difficulty with closeness. 3. Anxious attachment: Fear of abandonment, clinginess. 4. Disorganized attachment: Conflicted behaviors, fear in relationships.

What is the role of scaffolding in child development?

Scaffolding involves providing support tailored to the child’s learning needs, gradually reducing assistance as the child gains independence.

How does adolescence mark the transition to abstract thinking?

The formal operational stage (Piaget) allows adolescents to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and explore complex ideas such as morality and identity.

What are the implications of early puberty on psychosocial development?

Early puberty can lead to increased risk for anxiety, depression, and peer pressure, particularly if the adolescent feels out of sync with their peers.

How does workplace diversity affect organizational behavior?

Workplace diversity fosters creativity, improves problem-solving, and enhances cultural competence but may require strategies to address bias and promote inclusion.

What are the consequences of food deserts on community health?

Food deserts limit access to nutritious foods, leading to higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and other diet-related illnesses.

How do natural disasters exacerbate existing inequalities?

Marginalized populations often have fewer resources for recovery, experience greater loss, and face systemic barriers to rebuilding.

What is the impact of overcrowded housing on family systems?

Overcrowding increases stress, limits privacy, and can lead to strained family relationships and poorer mental health outcomes.

How do stereotypes perpetuate structural inequality?

Stereotypes influence policies, hiring practices, and resource allocation, reinforcing systemic barriers for marginalized groups.

What is the role of allyship in addressing discrimination?

Allyship involves actively supporting marginalized groups, challenging injustice, and using privilege to advocate for equitable change.

How do systemic barriers impact access to mental health services?

Barriers such as cost, stigma, and lack of culturally competent providers reduce utilization of services, particularly among marginalized groups.

What strategies can reduce implicit bias in decision-making?

Strategies include training in cultural competence, increasing awareness of biases, and implementing structured decision-making processes.

How does social capital influence community resilience?

Social capital, or the networks and relationships within a community, enhances collective problem-solving, resource sharing, and recovery from adversity.

What are the effects of long-term discrimination on physical health?

Chronic stress from discrimination can lead to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and weakened immune functioning.

How does community violence influence educational outcomes?

Exposure to violence disrupts concentration, increases absenteeism, and negatively impacts academic achievement.

How does community violence influence educational outcomes?

Cultural humility emphasizes ongoing self-reflection, openness to learning, and adapting practices to meet the unique cultural needs of clients.

How do protective factors mitigate the effects of discrimination?

Supportive relationships, community resources, and positive coping strategies buffer against the psychological and social impacts of discrimination.

How does chronic stress from discrimination impact mental health?

Chronic stress from discrimination increases the risk of anxiety, depression, substance use, and PTSD, often exacerbating mental health disparities.

What is the role of community advocacy in reducing systemic discrimination?

Community advocacy mobilizes resources, raises awareness, and challenges discriminatory policies to create equitable systems and opportunities.

How does intersectionality affect access to healthcare?

Intersectionality highlights how overlapping identities (e.g., race, gender, disability) create unique barriers, often resulting in compounded health disparities.

How does family structure influence child development?

Family structure affects emotional support, economic stability, and access to resources, influencing a child’s cognitive, social, and emotional development.

What is the significance of cultural values in shaping behavior?

Cultural values determine norms, communication styles, and coping mechanisms, influencing how individuals interact with their environment and others.

How do life-span theories, like Baltes’ model, explain development?

Baltes’ model emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, and influenced by biological, cultural, and environmental factors.

What is the role of resilience in navigating adversity?

Resilience enables individuals to adapt to and recover from challenges, often shaped by protective factors like social support and positive coping strategies.

What are the stages of grief according to Kübler-Ross?

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

How does play contribute to child development?

Play supports cognitive, social, and emotional development, fostering creativity, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills.

How does prenatal care impact birth outcomes?

Prenatal care reduces risks of complications, promotes maternal and fetal health, and identifies potential issues early.

What is the impact of early childhood education on long-term outcomes?

High-quality early education improves academic performance, social skills, and economic stability in adulthood.

How does gentrification affect community systems?

Gentrification can displace long-term residents, disrupt social networks, and exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities while improving infrastructure.

What is the role of transportation access in systems’ behavior?

Reliable transportation improves access to jobs, education, and healthcare, while lack of access limits mobility and opportunities.

How does climate change influence vulnerable populations?

Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized groups, exacerbating health risks, displacement, and economic challenges.

What is the impact of noise pollution on mental health?

Chronic exposure to noise pollution increases stress, sleep disturbances, and risk for anxiety and cardiovascular problems.

How does unconscious bias affect service delivery?

Unconscious bias may result in differential treatment, reduced trust, and less effective interventions for clients from marginalized groups.

What strategies help mitigate workplace discrimination?

Training on cultural competence, implementing anti-discrimination policies, and fostering inclusive leadership reduce workplace discrimination.

How do intergroup contact theories reduce prejudice?

Positive interactions between groups under equal conditions foster understanding, reduce stereotypes, and improve relationships.

What is the role of restorative justice in addressing systemic bias?

Restorative justice focuses on healing harm, addressing inequalities, and fostering accountability in communities impacted by systemic bias.

How does stigma influence access to mental health care?

Stigma deters individuals from seeking help, contributes to feelings of shame, and perpetuates misinformation about mental health.

What is the relationship between trauma and generational cycles?

Unresolved trauma can be transmitted across generations, influencing behavior, coping mechanisms, and relational patterns.

How does workplace discrimination impact employee well-being?

Discrimination increases stress, decreases job satisfaction, and contributes to burnout, affecting overall organizational health.

What are strategies to build cultural humility in social work practice?

1. Engage in self-reflection. 2. Seek feedback from clients and colleagues. 3. Pursue ongoing education about diverse cultures.

How does authoritative parenting influence child behavior?

Authoritative parenting, which balances warmth and structure, is associated with higher self-esteem, better social skills, and academic success in children.

What is the impact of chronic illness on family systems?

Chronic illness can lead to emotional stress, financial strain, role shifts, and changes in family dynamics that require adaptive coping strategies.

How does groupthink affect decision-making in organizations?

Groupthink suppresses dissenting opinions, leading to poor decisions due to a desire for consensus and avoidance of conflict.

What are some common stereotypes about aging, and how do they impact older adults?

Stereotypes such as frailty and cognitive decline can lead to discrimination, reduced opportunities, and internalized ageism, affecting older adults’ mental health and quality of life.

How does language deprivation impact cognitive development in children?

Language deprivation in early childhood can lead to delays in communication skills, social development, and overall cognitive functioning.

What are the primary stressors for immigrant families?

Stressors include acculturation challenges, discrimination, language barriers, and economic instability, all of which impact mental health and family cohesion.

How do adverse work environments influence employee health?

Toxic work environments contribute to chronic stress, burnout, and physical health problems such as cardiovascular issues and sleep disturbances.

What is the role of cultural norms in shaping family decision-making?

Cultural norms influence communication styles, authority roles, and conflict resolution within families, shaping decision-making processes.

How does exposure to violence in media impact children?

Exposure to violent media can desensitize children to aggression, increase fear, and lead to imitation of violent behaviors.

What is the importance of addressing intersectional identities in social work?

Acknowledging intersectional identities ensures that interventions address the unique challenges clients face due to overlapping systems of oppression or privilege.

How does community disinvestment affect marginalized populations?

Disinvestment leads to limited access to quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality.

What is the impact of implicit bias on clinical assessments?

Implicit bias can skew diagnoses, affect treatment planning, and lead to unequal outcomes for clients from marginalized groups.

How does prenatal stress affect fetal development?

Prenatal stress can lead to low birth weight, premature delivery, and increased susceptibility to developmental and emotional challenges.

What is the impact of chronic unemployment on mental health?

Chronic unemployment increases the risk of depression, anxiety, substance use, and feelings of social isolation.

How do stereotypes about mental illness affect treatment-seeking behavior?

Stigma and stereotypes discourage individuals from seeking help, leading to delayed treatment and worsening symptoms.

What is the impact of community-level trauma on collective behavior?

Community trauma can lead to mistrust, social withdrawal, and reduced civic engagement, requiring collective healing interventions.

How do social workers promote resilience in clients facing systemic barriers?

By identifying and leveraging strengths, building support networks, and advocating for equitable access to resources and opportunities.

How does gender socialization influence behavior across the lifespan?

Gender socialization shapes expectations, roles, and behaviors, impacting career choices, relationships, and coping mechanisms.

What is the relationship between access to green spaces and mental health?

Access to green spaces reduces stress, improves mood, and enhances overall well-being, particularly in urban environments.

How does educational inequality perpetuate systemic oppression?

Educational inequality limits access to quality learning, resources, and opportunities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and disenfranchisement.

How does cultural humility differ from cultural competence?

Cultural humility emphasizes ongoing self-reflection and learning, while cultural competence focuses on acquiring knowledge about diverse groups.

How do intergenerational family dynamics influence behavior?

Intergenerational dynamics, such as roles and values passed down, shape attitudes, communication patterns, and responses to stress.

What is the impact of discrimination on workplace performance?

Discrimination leads to decreased job satisfaction, higher turnover rates, and lower productivity.

How do school-to-prison pipelines affect marginalized youth?

Zero-tolerance policies and systemic bias disproportionately target marginalized students, increasing the likelihood of incarceration.

What role does advocacy play in addressing housing inequality?

Advocacy promotes fair housing policies, combats discrimination, and ensures access to affordable and safe housing for all populations.

Ethnicity

Shared cultural heritage, language, and traditions.

Crisis Interventio

Short-term strategies to support individuals during a crisis to restore functioning.

Depersonalization

Feeling detached from one's body. Example: An individual feels like they are observing themselves from outside their body during a traumatic experience.

Defense mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts.

Maturation Crisis

Challenges linked to life transitions, like adolescence or retirement.

Role Theories

Examines how roles (e.g., parent, worker) influence behavior and social functioning.

Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Identity Development

Models describing how individuals develop their cultural and racial identities.

Sexual Orientation Terms

Definitions of terms like heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual.

Coming Out

The process of recognizing, accepting, and sharing one's sexual orientation or gender identity.

Stages of Grief

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s model includes the following stages: Denial: Refusal to accept the reality of loss, often thinking, "This can’t be happening." Anger: Feelings of frustration and hostility, such as, "Why is this happening to me?" Bargaining: Attempting to negotiate or make deals to delay or reverse the loss, for example, "If I do this, maybe everything will be okay." Depression: Deep sadness and withdrawal as the loss becomes fully realized. Acceptance: Coming to terms with the loss and finding a way to move forward.

Delirium

Temporary cognitive impairments caused by underlying conditions or substances

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

Neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to alcohol abuse.

Common Substances terms tested

Includes alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and hallucinogens.

Korsakoff Syndrome

Chronic memory disorder associated with severe thiamine deficiency.

Antabuse

Medication causing adverse reactions to alcohol consumption, used in alcohol abuse treatment.

Methadone and Suboxone

Medications used to treat opioid use disorder.

Stages of Change

A model describing the phases individuals go through to change behavior: Precontemplation: Unaware of the need for change. Contemplation: Aware of the problem but not yet ready to act. Preparation: Planning to take action soon. Action: Actively working to change behaviors. Maintenance: Sustaining changes and preventing relapse. Relapse: Returning to old behaviors, followed by renewed efforts to change.

Life Cycle

Stages individuals pass through during life, from infancy to older adulthood.

Substance Abuse Treatments

12 Steps: Peer support program for recovery. Motivational Interviewing: Client-centered technique to elicit behavior change. Harm Reduction: Strategies to minimize harm from substance use. CAGE Assessment: Screening tool for identifying alcohol problems. SUDE Assessment: Evaluates substance use disorder.

Early Remission

Period of reduced symptoms for a substance use disorder lasting 3–12 months.

Sustained Remission

Extended period of symptom reduction for over 12 months.

Aversion Therapy

Behavioral therapy to reduce undesirable behaviors by associating them with negative stimuli.

Biofeedback

Technique to control physiological functions for improved health.

Extinction

Behavioral strategy to reduce undesired behaviors by removing reinforcement.

Flooding

Exposing individuals to fears to reduce anxiety.

In Vivo Desensitization

Gradual exposure to feared situations.

Modeling

Learning behaviors by observing others.

Rational Emotive Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral approach to address irrational beliefs.

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Systematic Desensitization

Combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

Time Out

Removing reinforcement by isolating individuals briefly.

Child Abuse and Neglect

Physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or neglect resulting in harm or risk of harm to a child.

Token Economy

Behavioral system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.

Substance Withdrawal

Symptoms occurring after stopping or reducing substance use.

Signs of Heroin Use

Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness, slowed breathing.

Signs of Marijuana Use

Bloodshot eyes, increased appetite, impaired memory.

Signs of Alcohol Use

Slurred speech, impaired judgment, poor coordination.

Signs of Cocaine Use

Dilated pupils, hyperactivity, elevated heart rate.

Signs of Hallucinogen Use

Altered perception, hallucinations, impaired coordination.

Signs of Opioid Use

Euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.

Unconditioned Stimulus/Response

Naturally occurring stimulus and response.

Conditioned Stimulus/Response

Learned associations between stimuli and responses.

Substance Abuse

Misuse of substances leading to negative consequences in health, work, or relationships.

Race

Classification of people based on physical traits.

Cultural Identity

Sense of belonging to a particular culture.

Gerontology

Study of aging and its impact.

Closed System

self-contained system with little interaction with the environment.

Equifinality

Ability of systems to achieve similar outcomes through different paths.

Homeostasis

System's tendency to maintain stability.

Negative Entropy

Movement toward order and stability in a system.

Open System

System interacting with its environment.

Substance Dependence

A more severe condition involving tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use of substances.

Subsystem

Smaller systems within a larger system.

Sexual Abuse

Non-consensual sexual acts or exploitation.

Physical Abuse

Physical harm or injury inflicted on another person.

Globalization

Increasing interconnection and interdependence among global communities.

Theories of Couples Development

Stages in relationships including romance, power struggle, stability, commitment, and co-creation.

Co-Occurring Disorders

Presence of mental health and substance use disorders simultaneously.

Stages of Group Development

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Feminist Theory

Examines power structures and advocates for gender equality.

Psychodrama

Therapeutic use of drama techniques to explore and resolve issues.

ADLs

Activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.

System Theory

Examines how systems (families, communities) interact and maintain equilibrium.

Transgender

Individuals whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

Sexual Orientation

Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction.

Sexual Behavior

Actions related to sexual activity.

Sexual Identity

Self-concept of one's sexual orientation

Pluralism

Coexistence of diverse cultures within a society.

Stratifications

Social hierarchies and divisions.

Family Life Cycle

Revisited to include detailed transitions within family units.

LGBTQ Terms:

Lesbian: A woman who is romantically or sexually attracted to other women. Gay: A man who is romantically or sexually attracted to other men; sometimes used as a broad term for same-sex attraction. Bisexual: A person who is romantically or sexually attracted to more than one gender. Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

Suppression

Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts out of awareness. Example: A student chooses not to think about an upcoming exam to enjoy their evening.

Repression

Unconsciously blocking painful memories. Example: A person who experienced a traumatic event in childhood cannot recall the details.

Regression

Reverting to behaviors of an earlier stage of development. Example: An overwhelmed adult starts to cuddle a stuffed toy for comfort.

Acting Out

Expressing feelings through actions instead of words. Example: A teenager slams doors and breaks objects after an argument.

Compensation

Emphasizing strengths to offset weaknesses. Example: A person who struggles socially excels academically to boost self-esteem.

Dissociation

Disconnecting from reality to escape distress. Example: A person "zones out" during a stressful meeting.

Derealization

Feeling that the environment is unreal. Example: A person under extreme stress feels like their surroundings are fake.

Identifying with the Aggressor

Adopting traits of someone causing harm. Example: A child bullied at school starts bullying others.

Isolation of Affect

Separating emotions from ideas or events. Example: A doctor talks clinically about a patient’s terminal diagnosis without showing emotions.

Rationalization

Justifying actions with logical reasons. Example: A person who fails an exam blames the teacher's unfair questions instead of their lack of preparation.

Displacement

Redirecting emotions to a safer target. Example: An employee upset with their boss takes out their frustration on their family.

Denial

Refusing to accept reality. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness insists they are perfectly healthy.

Undoing

Trying to reverse a negative action with a positive one. Example: After being rude, someone buys a gift to make amends.

Sublimation

Channeling negative impulses into positive activities. Example: A person with aggressive tendencies becomes a professional boxer.

Identification

Adopting behaviors or traits of someone admired. Example: A new employee starts mimicking the speech and mannerisms of their successful boss.

Intellectualization

Using logic to avoid emotions. Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness focuses on learning about the disease rather than expressing fear.

Projection

Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else. Example: A person who is angry with their friend accuses the friend of being angry with them.

Introjection

Adopting the beliefs or values of others. Example: A child takes on their parents’ political beliefs as their own.

Devaluation

Minimizing the importance of something. Example: A person not chosen for a promotion says the job wasn’t worth it anyway.

Splitting

Viewing people or situations as entirely good or bad. Example: A person sees their partner as perfect one day and irredeemable the next.

Reaction Formation

Acting opposite to unacceptable impulses. Example: A person who feels anger towards a colleague is overly kind to them.

Family Life Cycle

Stages families go through as they evolve, including coupling, parenting, launching children, and aging.

Parenting Styles

Authoritative: High responsiveness and high demands. Parents set clear expectations and enforce rules but are also nurturing and supportive. Authoritarian: Low responsiveness and high demands. Parents are strict, with little warmth, focusing on obedience and discipline. Permissive: High responsiveness and low demands. Parents are indulgent, providing lots of warmth but few rules or expectations. Neglectful: Low responsiveness and low demands. Parents are uninvolved, providing neither structure nor support.

Entropy

Movement toward disorder or disorganization in a system.

Elder Abuse

Abuse or neglect of older adults, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or financial exploitation.

Situational Crisis

Stressful events, such as job loss or natural disasters, leading to emotional turmoil.

Self-Neglect

Failure of an individual to meet their own basic needs due to physical or mental impairments.

Advanced Generalist: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Advanced Generalist: Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

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